Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 1998 Mar;3(1):6-44.
doi: 10.1177/108471389800300102.

Curriculum for graduate courses in amplification

C V Palmer  1
Affiliations

Curriculum for graduate courses in amplification

C V Palmer. Trends Amplif. 1998 Mar.
No abstract available

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Sections of the hearing aid notebook.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
CDs that demonstrate key points.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Demonstrating the acoustics of moving systems.
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
(a) A bottle creating a Helmholtz resonator and (b) the Helmholtz resonator created by the earmold inserted into the earcanal.
Figure 5.
Figure 5.
Fitting software.
Figure 6.
Figure 6.
Trouble shooting hearing aids.
Figure 7.
Figure 7.
Hearing instruments pieces and parts.
Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Free CDs from manufacturers.
Figure 9.
Figure 9.
Free videos from manufacturers.
Figure 10.
Figure 10.
Free cassette tapes that demonstrate signal processing.
Figure 11.
Figure 11.
A truckload of earmolds and shells for modifying.
Figure 12.
Figure 12.
ANSI S3.22 Workbook from Frye Electronics.
Figure 13.
Figure 13.
Making listening molds.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

I. Introduction to Hearing Aids

A. History
    1. Beck L. (1991). Issues in the assessment and use of hearing aid technology. Ear Hear 12 (6 Suppl.): 93S–99S - PubMed
    1. Harford E. (1990). Hearing aid dispensing. Audiol Today 2 (6): 22–24
B. Hearing through an impaired system
1. Review/General:
    1. Humes L. (1991). Understanding the speech-understanding problems of the hearing impaired system. J Amer Acad Audiol 2: 59–69 - PubMed
    1. Kates J. (1991). Modeling normal and impaired hearing: Implications for hearing aid design. Ear Hear 12 (Suppl. 6): 162S–176S - PubMed
    1. Killion M. (1995). Talking hair cells: What they have to say about hearing aids. In Berlin C, (ed) Hair Cells and Hearing Aids San Diego: Singular Press, 125–172.
    1. Moore B. (1991). Characterization and simulation of impaired hearing: Implications for hearing aid design. Ear Hear 12 (6 suppl): 154–161 - PubMed
    1. Moore B. (1996). Perceptual consequences of cochlear hearing loss and their implications for the design of hearing aids. Ear Hear 17: 133–161 - PubMed
2. Specific psychoacoustic properties of the system:
    1. Baer T, Moore B. (1993). Effects of spectral smearing on the intelligibility of sentences in noise. J Acoust Soc Amer 94 (3): 1229–1241 - PubMed
    1. Bonding P. (1979). Frequency selectivity and speech discrimination in senso rineural hearing loss. Scan Audiol 8 (4): 205–215 - PubMed
    1. Delgutte B. (1990). Physiological mechanisms of psychophysical masking: Observations from auditory-nerve fibers. J Acoust Soc Amer 87 (2): 791–809 - PubMed
    1. Dijkhuizen J, Anema P, Plomp R. (1989) The effect of varying the slope of the amplitude-frequency response on the masked speech-reception threshold of sentences for hearing-impaired listeners. J Acoust Soc Amer 86: 621–628 - PubMed
    1. Dreschler W, Leeuw A. (1990). The temporal resolution factor with and without background noise. Audiol 29: 61–75 - PubMed
3. Additional psychoacoustic references:
    1. Crandell C. (1991). Individual differences in speech recognition ability: Implications for hearing aid selection. Ear Hear 12 (Suppl. 6): 100S–108S - PubMed
    1. Dubno J, Schaefer A. (1992). Comparison of frequency selectivity and consonant recognition among hearing-impaired and masked normal-hearing listeners. J Acoust Soc Amer 91 (4 pt 1): 2110–2121 - PubMed
    1. Gagne J, Erber N. (1987). Simulation of sensorineural hearing impairment. Ear Hear 8 (4): 232–243 - PubMed
    1. Humes L. (1991). Understanding the speech-understanding problems of the hearing impaired. J Amer Acad Audiol 2 (2): 59–69 - PubMed
    1. Needleman A, Crandell C. (1995). Speech recognition in noise by hearing-impaired and noise-masked normal-hearing listeners. J Amer Acad Audiol 6 (6): 414–424 - PubMed
C. Who is a candidate
    1. Berger K. (1991). Some objective guidelines for determining hearing aid candidacy. Hear J 44 (8): 19–21
D. The process of remediating hearing loss
    1. Hawkins D, Beck L, Bratt G, Fabry D, Mueller H, Stelmachowicz P. (1991). Vanderbilt VA. Hearing aid conference 1990 consensus statement. Asha 33 (4): 37–38 - PubMed
    1. Palmer C. (1995). Improvement of Hearing Function. In: Huntley R, Helfer K, (eds). Communication Eater in Life, Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 181–224
E. Infection control
    1. Klingler M, Liauba R. (1990). Infection control in the hearing instrument dispensary. Hear Instrum 41 (12): 12–14
F. The manufacturers
    1. Hearing Health Industry World Directory Issue (December issue each year). Hear J.

II. Diagnostic/Measurement

A. Patient Needs/Potential Benefit
    1. Cox R, Gilmore C. (1990). Development of the profile of hearing aid performance (PHAP). J Speech Hear Res 33: 343–357 - PubMed
    1. Cox R, Alexander G. (1995). The abbreviated profile of hearing aid benefit. Ear Hear 16: 176–183 - PubMed
    1. Dillon H, James A, Ginis J. (1997). Client oriented scale of improvement (COSI) and its relationship to several other measures of benefit and satisfaction provided by hearing aids. J Amer Acad Audiol 8: 27–43 - PubMed
    1. Palmer C, Mormer E. (1996). A systematic program for hearing aid orientation and adjustment. Hear Rev (Suppl. High Performance Hearing Solutions): 45–52
B. What we're trying to hear
    1. Corneliesse L, Gagne J, Seewald R. (1991). Ear level recordings of the long-term average spectrum of speech. Ear Hear 12 (l): 47–54 - PubMed
    1. Stelmachowicz P, Kopun J, Mace A, Lewis D. (1996). Measures of hearing aid gain for real speech. Ear Hear 17: 520–527 - PubMed
    1. Stelmachowicz P, Mace A, Kopun J, Carney E. (1993). Long-term and short-term characteristics of speech: Implications for hearing aid selection for young children. J Speech Hear Res 36: 609–620 - PubMed
C. Dynamic Range
    1. Bentler R, Pavlovic C. (1989). Comparison of discomfort levels obtained with pure tones and multitone complexes. J Acoust Soc Amer 62: 126–132 - PubMed
    1. Cox R. (1994). Memorandum: Administration of the Contour Test.
    1. Kamm C, Dirks D, Mickey M. (1977). Effect of sensorineural hearing loss on loudness discomfort level and most comfortable loudness judgments. J Speech Hear Res 21: 668–681 - PubMed
    1. Mueller H, Bentler R. (1994). Measurements of TD: How loud is allowed? Hear J 47 (l): 10, 42–44
    1. Northern J, Downs M. (1978). Hearing in Children Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins
D. HL to SPL / Transducers
    1. Libby E. (1985). The LDL to SSPL 90 conversion dilemma. Hear Instrum 36 (8) 15–16
    1. Valente M, Potts L, Valente M. (1997). Differences and intersubject variability of loudness discomfort levels (LDL) measured in sound pressure level for the TDH-50P and ER-3A. J Amer Acad Audiol 8: 59–67 - PubMed
    1. Valente M, Potts L, Valente M, Vass W, Goebel J. (1994). Intersubject variability of the real ear sound pressure level: Conventional and insert earphones. J Amer Acad Audiol 5: 390–398 - PubMed
E. Understanding Speech
    1. Dubno J, Dirks D. (1982). Evaluation of hearing-impaired listeners using a nonsense-syllable test: I. Test Reliability. J Speech Hear Res 25: 135–141 - PubMed
    1. Dubno J, Dirks D, Langhofer L. (1982). Evaluation of hearing-impaired listeners using a nonsense-syllable test: II. Syllable recognition and consonant confusion patterns. J Speech Hear Res 25: 142–148 - PubMed
    1. Kalikow D, Stevens K, Elliot L. (1979). Development of a test of speech intelligibility in noise using sentence materials with controlled word predictability. J Acoust Soc Amer 61, 1337–1351 - PubMed
    1. Soli S, Nilsson M. (1994). Assessment of communication handicap with the HINT. Hear Instrum 12 (1): 15–16
    1. Thornton A, Raffin M. (1978). Speech discrimination scores modeled as a binomial variable. J Speech Hear Res 21: 507–518 - PubMed
F. Cerumen Management
    1. American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (March 1992). External Auditory Canal Examination and Cerumen Management. Asha 34: (Suppl. 7), 22–24 - PubMed
    1. Ballachanda B, Peers C. (1992). Cerumen management: Instruments and procedures. Asha 34 (2): 43–46 - PubMed
G. Real ear measurement
    1. Dirks D, Ahlstrom J, Eisenberg L. (1996). Comparison of probe insertion methods on estimates of ear canal SPL. J Amer Acad Audiol 7: 31–38 - PubMed
    1. Feigin J, Kopun J, Stelmachowicz P, Gorga M. (1989). Probe-tube microphone measures of ear-canal sound pressure levels in infants and children. Ear Hear 10: 254–258 - PubMed
    1. Gilman S, Dirks D. (1986). Acoustics of ear canal measurement of eardrum SPL in simulators. J Acoust Soc Amer 80 (3): 783–793 - PubMed
    1. Hawkins D, Alvarez E, Houlihan J. (1991). Reliability of three types of probe tube microphone measurements. Hear Instrum 42 (3):14, 16.
    1. Ickes M, Hawkins D, Cooper W. (1991). Effect of reference microphone location and loudspeaker azimuth on probe tube microphone measurements. J Amer Acad Audiol 2: 156–163 - PubMed
H. Coupler measurement
    1. Agnew J. (1994). Measurement of distortion levels in hearing aids: It's not a simple matter. Hear J 47 (5): 25–32
    1. American National Standards Institute (1987). Specification of Hearing Aid Characteristics, ANSI S3.22 - 1987. New York: American Standards Institute, Inc.
    1. Revit L. (1991). New tests for signal-processing and multichannel hearing instruments. Hear J 44 (5): 20–23
I. Real ear characteristics
    1. Erber N. (1973). Body-baffle effects and real-ear effects in the selection of hearing aids for deaf children. J Speech Hear Dis 38: 224–231 - PubMed
    1. Shaw E. (1980). The acoustics of the external ear. In: Studebaker G, Hochber I, (eds). Acoustical Factors Affecting Hearing Aid Performance, Baltimore: University Park Press, 109–126
    1. Zwislocki J. (1980). An ear simulator for acoustic measurements: Rationale, principles, and limitations. In: Studebaker G, Hochber I, (eds). Acoustical Factors Affecting Hearing Aid Performance, Baltimore: University Park Press; 127–147
J. Real ear to coupler difference
    1. Bentler R, Pavlovic C. (1989). Transfer functions and correction factors used in hearing aid evaluation and research. Ear Hear 10: 58–63 - PubMed
    1. Feigin J, Kopun J, Stelmachowicz P, Gorga M. (1989). Probe-tube microphone measures of ear-canal sound pressure levels in infants and children. Ear Hear 10 (4): 254–258 - PubMed
    1. Hawkins D, Cooper W, Thompson D. (1990). Comparisons among SPLs in real ears, 2cm3 and 6cm3 couplers. J Amer Acad Audiol 1: 154–161 - PubMed
    1. Lewis D, Stelmachowicz P. (1993). Real ear to 6 cm3 coupler differences in young children. J Speech Hear Res 36: 204–209 - PubMed
    1. Moodie K, Seewald R, Sinclair S. (1994). Procedure for predicting real-ear hearing aid performance in young children. Amer J Audiol 23–31

III. Up-front Considerations

B. Style/type/spare
    1. Chartrand M. (1991). Transcranial or internal CROS fittings: Evaluation and validation protocol. Hear J 44 (9): 24–28
    1. Consumer Reports. (November, 1992). How to buy a hearing aid. Consumer Reports 716–721
    1. Gudmundsen G. (1994). Fitting CIC hearing aids - some practical pointers. Hear J 47 (7):10,45–47
C. Monaural vs. Binaural
1. General
    1. Chmiel R, Jerger J, Murphy E, Pirozzolo F, Tooley-Young C. (1997). Unsuccessful use of binaural amplification by an elderly person. J Amer Acad Audiol 8: 1–10 - PubMed
    1. Jerger J, Silman S, Lew H, Chmiel R. (1993). Case studies in binaural interference: Converging evidence from behavioral and electrophysiological measures. J Amer Acad Audiol 4: 122–131 - PubMed
    1. Palmer C. (1994). Variables to consider when interpreting the impact of monaural amplification. J Amer Acad Audiol 5: 286–290 - PubMed
    1. Valente M. (1982). Binaural amplification: Part 1. Audiol: J for Continuing Education 7 (6).
    1. Valente M. (1982). Binaural amplification: Part 2. Audiol: J for Continuing Education 7 (6).
2. Auditory Deprivation/Nonuse
    1. Batkin S., Ansberry M. (1964). Effects of auditory deprivation. J Acoust Soc Amer 36: 598
    1. Boothroyd A. (1993). Recovery of Speech Perception Performance after prolonged auditory deprivation: Case Study. J Amer Acad Audiol 4: 331–337 - PubMed
    1. Burkey J, Arkis P. (1993). Word recognition changes after monaural, binaural amplification. Hear Instrum 44: 8–9
    1. Dalzell L, Merle K, Dalzell S. (1992, November 20–23). Speech recognition decline for monaural hearing aid users: Aided versus unaided ears. Paper presented at the Meeting of the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, San Antonio, TX.
    1. Dieroff H. (1993). Late-onset auditory inactivity (deprivation) in persons with bilateral essentially symmetric and conductive hearing impairment. J Amer Acad Audiol 4: 347–350 - PubMed
D. Microphone type/location
    1. Cox R, Risberg D. (1986). Comparison of in-the-ear and over-the-ear hearing aid fittings. J Speech Hear Dis 51: 362–369 - PubMed
    1. Fortune T, Preves D. (1994). Effects of CIC, ITC, and ITE microphone placement on the amplification of wind noise. Hear J 47 (9): 23–27
    1. Fortune T. (1997). Real-ear polar patterns and aided directional sensitivity. J Amer Acad Audiol 8: 119–131 - PubMed
    1. Hawkins D, Yacullo W. (1984). Signal-to-noise ratio advantage of binaural hearing aids and directional microphones under different levels of reverberation. J Speech Hear Dis 49 (3): 278–286 - PubMed
    1. Soede W, Bilsen F, Berkhout A. (1993). Assessment of a directional microphone array for hearing-impaired listeners. J Acoust Soc Amer 94 (2): 799–808 - PubMed
E. Earmold material /type/color
    1. Agnew J. (1994). Acoustic advantages of deep canal hearing aid fittings. Hear lustrum 45 (8): 22–25
    1. Alvord L, Morgan R, Cartwright K. (1997). Anatomy of an earmold: A formal terminology. J Amer Acad Audiol 8: 100–103 - PubMed
    1. Clark W. (1991). Noise exposure from leisure activities: A review. J Acoust Soc Amer 90 (1): 175–181 - PubMed
    1. Griffing T. (1992). Proposed: A safety protocol for taking ear impressions. Hear J 45 (2): 28–29
    1. Microsonic (1994). Custom Ear Mold Manual - Revised, 5th ed. Ambridge, PA: Microsonic, Inc.
F. Earmold length/vent
    1. Killion M, Wilber L, Gudmundsen G. (1988). Zwislocki was right… a potential solution to the “hollow voice” problem. Hear Instrum 39 (1): 14–18
    1. Studebaker G, Hochberg I. (Eds.). (1993). Acoustical factors affecting hearing aid performance. (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon
G. Sound channel (receiver to ear canal)
    1. Killion M. (August, 1984). Recent earmolds for wideband OTE and ITE hearing aids. Hear J 37 (8): 15–22
H. Bandwidth
    1. Skinner M, Miller J. (183). Amplification bandwidth and intelligibility of speech in quiet and noise for listeners with sensorineural hearing loss. Audiol 22: 253–279 - PubMed
I. Receiver type
    1. Johnson W, Killion M. (1994). Amplification: Is class D better than class B? Amer J Audiol 3: 11–13
    1. Palmer C, Killion M, Wilber L, Ballad W. (1995). Comparison of two hearing aid receiver-amplifier combinations using sound quality judgments. Ear Hear 16 (6): 587–598 - PubMed
J. Compression options
1. Review/General:
    1. Armstrong S. (1993). The dynamics of compression: Some key elements explored. Hear J 46 (11): 43–41
    1. Barfod J. (1978). Automatic regulation systems with relevance to hearing aids. Scan Audiol (Suppl. 6): 355–378 - PubMed
    1. Boothroyd A, Springer N, Smith L, Schulman J. (1988). Amplitude compression and hearing loss. J Speech Hear Res 31 (3): 362–376 - PubMed
    1. Dillon H. (1990). Compression in hearing aids. In Sandlin R. (ed.) Handbook of Hearing Aid Amplification, Volume I., San Diego: College-Hill, 121–146.
    1. Dillon H. (1996) Tutorial. Compression? Yes, but for low or high frequencies, for low or high intensities, and with what response times? Ear Hear 17 (4): 287–307 - PubMed
2. Studies comparing various compression and linear signal processing:
    1. Abramovitz R. (1980). Frequency shaping and multiband compression in hearing aids. J Comm Dis 13 (6): 483–488 - PubMed
    1. Benson D, Clark T, Johnson J. (1992). Patient experiences with multiband full dynamic range compression. Ear Hear 13 (5): 320–330 - PubMed
    1. Boothroyd A. (1990). Signal processing for the profoundly deaf. Acta Otolaryngol 469: 166–171 - PubMed
    1. Braida L, Durlach N, Lippman R, Hicks B, Rabinowitz W, Reed C. (1979). Hearing aids-a review of past research on linear amplification, amplitude compression, and frequency lowering. ASHA Monographs 19: 1–114 - PubMed
    1. Dawson P, Dillon H, Battaglia J. (1990). Output limiting compression for the severe-profoundly deaf. Austral J Audiol 13: 1–12
3. Phone/speech perception & syllabic compression:
    1. Boothroyd A, Mulhearn B, Gong J, Ostroff J. (1996). Effects of spectral smearing on phoneme and word recognition. J Acoust Soc Amer 100 (3): 1807–1818 - PubMed
    1. Crain T, Yund E. (1995). The effect of multichannel compression on vowel and stop-consonant discrimination in normal-hearing and hearing-impaired subjects. Ear Hear 16 (5): 529–543 - PubMed
    1. De Gennaro S, Braida L, Durlach N. (1986). Multichannel syllabic compression for severely impaired listeners. J Rehab Res Dev 23 (1): 17–24 - PubMed
    1. Dreschler W. (1988). The effect of specific compression settings on phoneme identification in hearing-impaired subjects. Scan Audiol 17 (1): 35–43 - PubMed
    1. Dreschler W. (1989). Phoneme perception via hearing aids with and without compression and the role of temporal resolution. Audiol 28 (1): 49–60 - PubMed
4. Data related to Attack/Release times in compression signal processing:
    1. Bentler R, Nelson J. (1997). Assessing Release-Time Options in a 2-Channel AGC Hearing Aid. Amer J Audiol 6: 43–51
    1. Burnett E, Schweitzer H. (1977). Attack and release times of automatic gain control aids. J Acoust Soc Amer 62 (3): 784–786 - PubMed
    1. Jerlvall L, Lindblad A. (1978). The influence of attack time and release time on speech intelligibility. A study of the effects of AGC on normal hearing and hearing impaired subjects. Scan Audiol (Suppl. 6): 341–353 - PubMed
    1. Lynn G, Carhart R. (1963). Influence of attack and release in compression amplification on understanding of speech by hypoacusics. J Speech Hear Dis 28 (2): 124–143 - PubMed
    1. Moore B, Glasberg B, Stone M. (1991). Optimization of a slow-acting automatic gain control system for use in hearing aids. Bri J Audiol 25 (3): 171–182 - PubMed
K. Noise Reduction
    1. Dubno J, Dirks D. (1982). Evaluation of hearing-impaired listeners using a nonsense-syllable test: I. Test Reliability. J Speech Hear Res 25: 135–141 - PubMed
    1. Killion M, Villchur E. (1993). Kessler was right - partly: But SIN test shows some aids improve hearing in noise. Hear J 46 (9): 31–35
    1. Killion M. (1985). The noise problem: There's hope. Hear Instrum 36 (ll): 26–32
    1. Kollmeier B, Peissig J, Hohmann V. (1993). Real-time multiband dynamic compression and noise reduction for binaural hearing aids. J Rehab Res Dev 30 (1): 82–94 - PubMed
    1. Kuk F, Tyler R, Mims L. (1990). Subjective ratings of noise-reduction hearing aids. Scan Audiol 19 (4): 237–244 - PubMed
L. Output limiting
    1. Bustamante D, Braida L. (1987). Multiband compression limiting for hearing-impaired listeners. J Rehab Res Dev 24 (4): 149–160 - PubMed
    1. Dreschler W. (1988). Dynamic-range reduction by peak clipping or compression and its effects on phoneme perception in hearing-impaired listeners. Scan Audiol 17 (1): 45–51 - PubMed
    1. Fortune T, Preves D. (1992). Hearing aid saturation and aided loudness discomfort. J Speech Hear Res 35: 175–185 - PubMed
    1. Hawkins D, Naidoo S. (1993). Comparison of sound quality with asymmetrical peak clipping and output limiting compression. Amer J Audiol 4: 221–228 - PubMed
    1. Hawkins D, Prosek R, Walden B, Montgomery A. (1987). Binaural loudness summation in the hearing impaired. J Speech Hear Res 30: 37–43 - PubMed
M. Multi-Channel
    1. Barfod J. (1978). Multichannel compression hearing aids: Experiments and consideration on clinical applicability. Scan Audiol (Suppl. 6): 315–340 - PubMed
    1. Benson D, Clark T, Johnson J. (1992). Patient experiences with multiband full dynamic range compression. Ear Hear 13 (5): 320–330 - PubMed
    1. Dirks D, Ahlstrom J, Noffsinger D. (1993). Preferred frequency response for two- and three-channel amplification systems. J Rehab Res Dev 30 (3): 305–317 - PubMed
    1. Dreschler W. (1992). Fitting multichannel-compression hearing aids. Audiol 31 (3): 121–131 - PubMed
    1. Hickson L. (1994). Compression Amplification in hearing aids. Amer J Audiol 3 (3): 51–65 - PubMed
N. Ability to fine-tune
    1. Bentler R. (1991). Programmable hearing aid review. Amer J Audiol 2: 25–28 - PubMed
    1. Preeves D. (1993). Flexibility in frequency response shaping and signal processing with analog hearing aids. Amer J Audiol 2 (2): 29–40 - PubMed
    1. Robertson P. (1996). A guide to NOAH-Compatible programmable fitting software. Hear Rev 3 (2): 12–18
O. Multi-memory
    1. Fabry D. (1996). Clinical applications of multimemory hearing aids. Hear J 49 (8): 53–56
    1. Goldstein D, Shields A, Sandlin R. (1991). A multiple memory, digitally-controlled hearing instrument. Hear Instrum 42 (1): 18–21
    1. Keidser G. (1996). Selecting different amplification for different listening conditions. J Amer Acad Audiol 7: 92–104 - PubMed
    1. Keidser G, Dillon H., Byrne D. (1996). Guidelines for fitting multiple memory hearing aids. J Amer Acad Audiol 7: 406–418 - PubMed
    1. Kuk F. (1990). Preferred insertion gain of hearing aids in listening and reading-aloud situations. J Speech Hear Res 33: 520–529 - PubMed
P. Analog vs. digital
    1. Larry R, Neuman A, Sullivan J. (1990). Studies with digital hearing aids. Acta Otolaryngol (Suppl. 469): 57–69 - PubMed
    1. Preves D. (1993). Flexibility in frequency response shaping and signal processing with analog hearing aids. Amer J Audiol 2: 29–40 - PubMed
Q. Previous experience
1. General:
    1. Martin F. (1997). Introducing a hearing aid teaching tool.Hear J 50 (3): 62–64
    1. Palmer C. (September, 1995). Sound quality as a function of hearing aid experience and hearing loss. Hearing Aid Research and Development Conference, National Institutes of Health and the Veterans Administration, Bethesda, MD.
2. Plasticity:
    1. Harrison R, Nagasawa A, Smith D, Stanton S, Mount R. (1991). Reorganization of auditory cortex after neonatal high frequency cochlear hearing loss. Hear Res 54: 11–19 - PubMed
    1. Kraus N, McGee T, Carrell T, King C, Tremblay K, Nicol T. (1995). Central auditory system plasticity associated with speech discrimination training. J Cognit Neurosc 7: 25–32 - PubMed
    1. Leake P, Snyder R, Merzenich M. (1992). Topographic organization of the cochlear spiral ganglion demonstrated by restricted lesions of the anteroventral cochlear nucleus. J Comparative Neurol 320: 468–478 - PubMed
    1. Merzenich M, Jenkins W. (1993). Reorganization of cortical representations of the hand following alterations of skin inputs induced by nerve injury, skin island transfers, and experience. J Hand Therapy 6: 89–104 - PubMed
    1. Moore D. (1993). Plasticity of binaural hearing and some possible mechanisms following late-onset deprivation. J Amer Acad Audiol 4: 277–283 - PubMed
R. Coupling to ALDs
    1. Compton C. (1994). Providing effective telecoil performance with in-the-ear hearing instruments. Hear J 47 (4): 23–33
    1. Davidson S, Noe C. (1994). Programmable telecoil responses: Potential advantages for assistive listening device fittings. Amer J Audiol 2: 59–64 - PubMed
    1. Hawkins D. (1987). Clinical ear canal probe tube measurements. Ear Hear 8 (Suppl.): 74S–81S - PubMed
    1. Mueller G. (1992). Assessment of telecoils and assistive listening devices. In Mueller HG, Hawkins D, Northern J, (eds). Probe microphone measurements, San Diego: Singular Publishing Group Inc., 227–250
    1. Palmer C. (1996) Preserving general classroom listening while enhancing the signal from the teacher: Evaluation of two methods. J Acad Rehab Audiol 29: 49–69
S. Frequency transposition
    1. AVR Sonovation Brochure. (1993). Transonic preliminary client screening guide. AVR Communications Ltd. 1450 Park Court, Chanhassen, MN 55317.
    1. AVR Communications LTD. (1994). Transonic technical review and principles of operation. AVR Sonovation. 1450 Park Court, Chanhassen, MN 55317.
    1. Beasley D, Mosher N, Orchik D. (1976). Use of frequency-shifted/time compressed speech with hearing-impaired children. Audiol 15: 395–406 - PubMed
    1. Bennett D, Byers V. (1967). Increased intelligibility in the hypacusic by slow-play frequency transposition. J Auditory Res 7: 107–118
    1. Davis-Penn W, Ross M. (1993). Pediatric experiences with frequency transposing. Hear Instrum 44 (4): 26–32
T. Batteries
    1. Agnew J. (1993). Determining the battery life of your customers' hearing aids. Hear Instrum 44 (8): 26–28
    1. Megahed S, Dopp R. (1990). Batteries for present and future hearing aids. Asha 32 (6/7): 52–54 - PubMed

IV. Ordering/Selecting the Hearing Aids

    1. de Jonge R. (1996). Microcomputer applications for hearing aid selection and fitting. Trends in Amplification. 1 (3): 86–114 - PMC - PubMed

A. Two dimensional: Gain as a function of frequency response

    1. Berger K. (1991). Introduction to three current hearing aid fitting methods. Amer J Otol 12 (1): 40–45 - PubMed
    1. Byrne D. (1996). Hearing aid selection for the 1990s: Where to? J Amer Acad Audiol 7: 377–395 - PubMed
    1. Byrne D, Dillon H. (1986). The national acoustics laboratories' (NAL) new procedure for selecting the gain and frequency response of a hearing aid. Ear Hear 7 (4): 257–265 - PubMed
    1. Kuk F, Pape N. (1993). Relative satisfaction for frequency responses selected with a simplex procedure in different listening conditions. J Speech Hear Res 36: 168–177 - PubMed
    1. McCandless G, Lyregaard P. (1983). Prescription of gain and output (POGO) for hearing aids. Hear Instrum 34 (3): 16–21

B. Three dimensional: Gain as a function of frequency and input level

Threshold to UCL
    1. Cornelisse L, Seewald R, Jamieson D. (1995). The input/output formula: A theoretical approach to the fitting of personal amplification devices. J Acoust Soc Amer 97 (3): 1854–1864 - PubMed
    1. Cornielisse L, Seewald R, Jamieson D. (1994). Fitting wide-dynamic range compression hearing aids: The DSL I/O approach. Hear J 47 (10): 23–29
    1. Gitles T, Niquette P. (1995). FIG6 in ten. Hear Rev 2 (10): 28–30
    1. Hawkins D, Morrison T, Halligan P, Cooper W. (1989). Use of probe microphone measurements in hearing aid selection for children: Some initial clinical experiences. Ear Hear 10: 281–287 - PubMed
Return to normal loudness growth/loudness scaling: individual data
    1. Cox R. (1995). Using loudness data for hearing aid selection: The IHAFF approach. Hear J 48 (2):10,38–45
    1. Grey H, Dyrlund O. (1996). Putting loudness scaling to work: Moving from theory to practice. Hear J 49 (3): 49–54
    1. Kates J. (1993). Optimal estimation of hearing-aid compression parameters. J Acoust Soc Amer 94 (1): 1–12 - PubMed
    1. Meskan M. (1997). Understanding differences between non-linear fitting approaches. Hear Rev 4 (4): 64–72
    1. Mueller G. (1994). Getting ready for the IHAFF protocol. Hear J 47 (6):10,46–48

V. Fine-tuning/Verification of the Selection

A. Learning and Adaptation
    1. Arkis P, Burkey J. (1994). What WRS's say about client performance, adjustment to hearing aids. Word recognition scores: Do they support adaptation? Hear Instrum 45 (1): 24–25
    1. Bentler R, Niebuhr D, Getta J, Anderson C. (1993). Longitudinal study of hearing aid effectiveness. I: Objective Measures. J Speech Hear Res 36: 808–819 - PubMed
    1. Bentler R, Niebuhr D, Getta J, Anderson C. (1993). Longitudinal study of hearing aid effectiveness. II: Subjective Measures. J Speech Hear Res 36: 820–831 - PubMed
    1. Boothroyd A. (1993). Recovery of Speech Perception Performance after prolonged auditory deprivation: Case Study. J Amer Acad Audiol 4: 331–337 - PubMed
    1. Cox R, Alexander G. (1992). Maturation of hearing aid benefit: Objective and subjective measurements. Ear Hear 13 (3): 131–141 - PubMed
B. Functional Gain
    1. Balfour P, Hawkins D. (1993). Aided masked thresholds: Case of deception. J Amer Acad Audiol 4: 272–274 - PubMed
C. Insertion Gain
    1. Humes L, Houghton R. (1992). Beyond insertion gain. Hear Instrum 43 (3): 32–35
D. Auditory Mapping/Real Ear Aided Response
    1. Humes L, Pavlovic C, Bray V, Barr M. (1996). Real-ear measurement of hearing threshold and loudness. Trends Amp 1: 121–135 - PMC - PubMed
E. Loudness Ratings
    1. Ricketts T, Bentler R. (1996). The effect of test signal type and bandwidth on the categorical scaling (CS) of loudness. J Acoust Soc Amer 99: 2281–2287 - PubMed
    1. Valente M, Van Vliet D. (1997). The Independent Hearing Aid Fitting Forum (IHAFF) protocol. Trends Amp 3 (1): 6–35 - PMC - PubMed
F. Rating Speech
    1. McDaniel D, Cox R. (1992). Evaluation of the speech intelligibility rating (SIR) test for hearing aid comparisons. J Speech Hear Res 35: 686–693 - PubMed
G. Articulation Index
    1. Mueller H, Killion M. (1990). An easy method for calculating the articulation index. Hear J 43 (9): 14–17

VI. Orientation/Follow-up/Evaluation of Benefit

    1. Cox R, Rivera I. (1992). Predictability and reliability of hearing aid benefit measured using the PHAB. J Amer Acad Audiol 3: 242–254 - PubMed
    1. Mueller HG, Palmer C. (1998). The Profile of Aided Loudness: A new “PAL” for ′98. Hear J 51 (1): 10–19
    1. Nelson C., Palmer C. (1994). Test-retest reliability of the profile of hearing aid performance. J Speech Hear Res 37: 1211–1215 - PubMed
    1. Palmer C, Mormer E. (1996). A systematic program for hearing aid orientation and adjustment. Hear Rev Suppl. High Performance Hearing Solutions, 45–52

VII. Trouble Shooting

A. Trouble Shooting/Modifications
    1. Agnew J. (1996). Acoustic feedback and other audible artifacts in hearing aids. Trends Amp 1: 45–82 - PMC - PubMed
    1. Berger K. (July, 1993). But clients often use less gain than prescribed. Amer J Audiol 17–18 - PubMed
    1. Bisgaard N, Dyrlund O. (1991). Acoustic feedback part I: Traditional feedback suppression methods. Hear Instrum 42 (9): 24–26
    1. Curran J. (January/February, 1990). Practical modifications and adjustments of in-the-ear and in-the-canal hearing aids. Audiol Today 2 (1): 27–28
    1. Joson H, Asano F, Suzuki Y, Sone T. (1993). Adaptive feedback cancellation with frequency compression for hearing aids. J Acoust Soc Amer 94 (6): 3254–3258 - PubMed

References

    1. Berlin C. (1995). Hair Cells and Hearing Aids. San Diego: Singular Press, Inc.
    1. Loavenbruck A, Madell J. (1981). Hearing Aid Dispensing for Audiologists. New York: Grune & Stratton, Inc.
    1. Mueller H, Hawkins D, Northern J. (1992). Probe Microphone Measurements: Hearing Aid Selection and Assessment. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group, Inc.
    1. Pollack M.C. (Ed.). (1975). Amplification for the Hearing-Impaired. New York: Grune & Stratton.
    1. Rubin M. (Ed.). (1976). Hearing Aids: Current Developments and Concepts. Baltimore: University Park Press

LinkOut - more resources