Efficacy of magnesium chloride in the treatment of Hailey-Hailey disease: from serendipity to evidence of its effect on intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis

Abstract

Background: Hailey-Hailey disease (HHD), also known as familial benign chronic pemphigus, is a rare autosomal dominant inherited intraepidermal blistering genodermatosis. Mutations in the ATP2C1 gene encoding for the Golgi secretory pathway Ca(2+) /Mn(2+) -ATPasi protein 1 (SPCA1) affect the processing of desmosomal components and the epidermal suprabasal cell-cell adhesion by deregulating the keratinocyte cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration. We report the unexpected, dramatic, and persistent clinical improvement of the skin lesions of a patient affected with longstanding HHD with daily intake of a solution containing magnesium chloride hexahydrate (MgCl2 ).

Materials and methods: We investigated the effect of MgCl2 on the intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and on the activity of particular Ca(2+) -effectors in HeLa cells transfected with chimeric aequorins (cytAEQ, mtAEQ, erAEQ and GoAEQ) targeted to different subcellular compartments (cytosol, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi, respectively).

Results: Experimental investigations on HeLa cells showed the effect of MgCl2 on the function of Ca(2+) -extrusor systems, resulting in increased cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) levels, without altering the mechanisms of intraluminal Ca(2+) -filling and Ca(2+) -release of stores.

Conclusions: Based on our clinical observation and experimental results, it can be hypothesized that MgCl2 could act as an inhibitor of the Ca(2+) -extruding activity in keratinocytes favoring intracellular Ca(2+) -disponibility and Ca(2+) -dependent mechanisms in desmosome assembly. This may represent the molecular basis of the good response of the HHD clinical features with MgCl2 solution in the patient described.