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Review
. 2014 Nov 26;12(12):5719-63.
doi: 10.3390/md12125719.

Alternative methods for the detection of emerging marine toxins: biosensors, biochemical assays and cell-based assays

Laia Reverté  1 , Lucía Soliño  2 , Olga Carnicer  3 , Jorge Diogène  4 , Mònica Campàs  5
Affiliations
Review

Alternative methods for the detection of emerging marine toxins: biosensors, biochemical assays and cell-based assays

Laia Reverté et al. Mar Drugs. .

Abstract

The emergence of marine toxins in water and seafood may have a considerable impact on public health. Although the tendency in Europe is to consolidate, when possible, official reference methods based on instrumental analysis, the development of alternative or complementary methods providing functional or toxicological information may provide advantages in terms of risk identification, but also low cost, simplicity, ease of use and high-throughput analysis. This article gives an overview of the immunoassays, cell-based assays, receptor-binding assays and biosensors that have been developed for the screening and quantification of emerging marine toxins: palytoxins, ciguatoxins, cyclic imines and tetrodotoxins. Their advantages and limitations are discussed, as well as their possible integration in research and monitoring programs.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Structures of (A) palytoxin (PLTX); (B) Caribbean ciguatoxin 1 (C-CTX-1); (C) Gymnodimine A (GYM-A); (D) 13-Desmethyl spirolide C (13-DesMeC SPX) and (E) Pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G); and (F) Tetrodotoxin (TTX).
Figure 1
Figure 1
Structures of (A) palytoxin (PLTX); (B) Caribbean ciguatoxin 1 (C-CTX-1); (C) Gymnodimine A (GYM-A); (D) 13-Desmethyl spirolide C (13-DesMeC SPX) and (E) Pinnatoxin G (PnTX-G); and (F) Tetrodotoxin (TTX).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific Opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish: Cyclic imines (spirolides, gymnodimines, pinnatoxins and pteriatoxins) EFSA J. 2010;8 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1628. - DOI
    1. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific Opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish—Emerging toxins: Ciguatoxin group. EFSA J. 2010;8 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1627. - DOI
    1. European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish-palytoxin group. EFSA J. 2009;7:1–38.
    1. European Comission Regulation (EC) No 854/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific rules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption. Off. J. Eur. Union. 2004;L226:83–127.
    1. European Comission Regulation (EC) No. 853/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific hygiene rules for food of animal origin. Off. J. Eur. Union. 2004;L139:22–82.

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