Pathologic von Willebrand factor degradation with a left ventricular assist device occurs via two distinct mechanisms: mechanical demolition and enzymatic cleavage

Abstract

Objectives: Bleeding is an important source of morbidity in patients with a left ventricular assist device. Evidence suggests a major role for von Willebrand factor. However, limited data exist to explain the mechanism(s) of von Willebrand factor degradation during left ventricular assist device support. We investigated whether left ventricular assist device-related shear stress and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 (ADAMTS-13, the von Willebrand factor protease) altered von Willebrand factor metabolism.

Methods: Whole blood was collected from patients (n = 8) with a left ventricular assist device. von Willebrand factor multimers and degradation fragments were characterized with electrophoresis and immunoblotting. To investigate mechanisms, an in vitro model was developed to generate the supraphysiologic shear stress of a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. Normal human blood (n = 8) was cycled in a laboratory vortexer (∼2400 rpm, shear stress ∼175 dyne/cm(2), 4 hours) to reproduce the pathologic degradation of von Willebrand factor that occurs during left ventricular assist device support. To investigate the specific mechanistic roles of shear stress and ADAMTS-13 in von Willebrand factor degradation, purified von Willebrand factor protein ± ADAMTS-13 protease were exposed to supraphysiologic shear stress in the vortexer. von Willebrand factor multimers and 11 von Willebrand factor degradation fragments were characterized with electrophoresis and immunoblotting.

Results: Left ventricular assist device support reduced large von Willebrand factor multimers and significantly increased 10/11 von Willebrand factor degradation fragments (P < .05). Normal human blood exposed to supraphysiologic shear stress in the vortexer demonstrated the same profile of von Willebrand factor degradation fragments as in a patient with a left ventricular assist device. Supraphysiologic shear stress alone caused modest mechanical demolition of large von Willebrand factor multimers into smaller multimers but did not greatly generate von Willebrand factor fragments. In the presence of supraphysiologic shear stress, ADAMTS-13 completely eliminated large von Willebrand factor multimers and generated statistically significant amounts of 11/11 von Willebrand factor degradation fragments (P < .05). The profile of von Willebrand factor fragments generated was identical to the profile that was observed in vivo in patients with a left ventricular assist device.

Conclusions: Supraphysiologic shear stress alone causes physical demolition of large von Willebrand factor multimers into smaller von Willebrand factor multimers. In the setting of supraphysiologic shear stress, ADAMTS-13 cleaves large von Willebrand factor multimers into von Willebrand factor degradation fragments. ADAMTS-13 may be a therapeutic target to reduce von Willebrand factor degradation and bleeding complications in patients with a left ventricular assist device.