Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo evaluation of 1,3,5-triazines as cannabinoid CB2 receptor agonists

Abstract

The cannabinoid receptors type 2 (CBR2) are attractive therapeutic targets of the endocannabinoid signaling system (ECS) as they are not displaying the undesired psychotropic and cardiovascular side-effects seen with cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R) agonists. In continuation of our previous work on 2,4,6-trisubstituted 1,3,5-triazines as potent CB2 agonists, we synthesized an additional series of more polar analogues (1-10), which were found to possess high CB2R agonist activity with enhanced water solubility. The most potent compound in the series was N-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-ethoxy-6-(4-(2-fluoroethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (9) with EC50 value of 0.60nM. To further evaluate the biological effects of the compounds, the selected compounds were tested in vitro against four different cell lines. A human retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE-19) was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the compounds whereas an androgen-sensitive human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line (LNCaP), a Jurkat leukemia cell line and a C8161 melanoma cell line were used to assess the antiproliferative activity of the compounds. The most interesting results were obtained for N-(adamantan-1-yl)-4-ethoxy-6-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (6), which induced cell viability decrease in prostate and leukemia cell lines, and diminished proliferation of C8161 melanoma cells. The results could be reversed in leukemia cells with the selective CB2R antagonist AM630, whereas in prostate cells the AM630 induced a significant cell viability decrease with a mechanism probably unlinked to CB2 cannabinoid receptor. The antiproliferative effect of 6 on the melanoma cells seemed not to be mediated via the CB1R or CB2R. No cytotoxicity was detected against ARPE-19 cell line at concentrations of 1 and 10μM for compound 6. However, at 30μM concentration the compound 6 decreased the cell viability. Finally, in order to estimate in vivo behavior of these compounds, (18)F labeled PET ligand, N-cyclopentyl-4-ethoxy-6-(4-(2-fluoro-18-ethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine ([(18)F]5), was synthesized and its biodistribution was determined in healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats. As a result, the tracer showed a rapid (<15min) elimination in urine accompanied by a slower excretion via the hepatobiliary route. In conclusion, we further demonstrated that 1,3,5-triazine scaffold serves as a suitable template for the design of highly potent CB2R agonists with reasonable water solubility properties. The compounds may be useful when studying the role of the endocannabinoid system in different diseases. The triazine scaffold is also a promising candidate for the development of new CB2R PET ligands.

Keywords: CB2R agonists; Cannabinoid receptor; Radioligand; Triazines.