Lipid metabolism and lipodystrophy in HIV-1-infected patients: the role played by nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Abstract

Dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy represent significant healthcare concerns in HIV-infected patients due to their association with diabetes mellitus and increased cardiovascular disease risk. Since the lipid effects of the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are not well characterized, we systematically summarized the effects of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor treatment on dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy in HIV-1 infection. As with other classes of antiretroviral agents, the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are associated with lipid changes, although individual agents exhibit differing effects on lipid profiles. Comparative trials have shown that the risk for hypertriglyceridemia is lower with efavirenz than with the use of ritonavir-boosted lopinavir, but there is a greater likelihood of hypercholesterolemia compared to ritonavir-boosted atazanavir. Data also suggest that efavirenz results in greater increases in plasma lipid levels than integrase inhibitors and CC-chemokine-receptor-5 antagonists. Lipid disturbances are less frequent with the newer nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors than with efavirenz. However, in most cases, no change in the total:high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol ratio was seen between the efavirenz and comparator groups. Switching from efavirenz to etravirine or rilpivirine, or the integrase inhibitors raltegravir or elvitegravir, resulted in significant reductions in lipid levels. There appears to be minimal potential for efavirenz or rilpivirine to result in development of lipodystrophy. Overall, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have a smaller impact on plasma lipids than ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors, with the newer agents exhibiting more favorable lipid profiles than efavirenz. When considering antiretroviral regimens, awareness of the different lipid effect profiles of the third agent is important, without forgetting the critical contribution of the background antiretrovirals.