Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2014 Nov 20:8:388.
doi: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00388. eCollection 2014.

Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage

Eva Mracsko  1 , Roland Veltkamp  2
Affiliations
Review

Neuroinflammation after intracerebral hemorrhage

Eva Mracsko et al. Front Cell Neurosci. .

Abstract

Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a particularly severe type of stroke for which no specific treatment has been established yet. Although preclinical models of ICH have substantial methodological limitations, important insight into the pathophysiology has been gained. Mounting evidence suggests an important contribution of inflammatory mechanisms to brain damage and potential repair. Neuroinflammation evoked by intracerebral blood involves the activation of resident microglia, the infiltration of systemic immune cells and the production of cytokines, chemokines, extracellular proteases and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous studies focused on innate immunity including microglia, monocytes and granulocytes. More recently, the role of adaptive immune cells has received increasing attention. Little is currently known about the interactions among different immune cell populations in the setting of ICH. Nevertheless, immunomodulatory strategies are already being explored in ICH. To improve the chances of translation from preclinical models to patients, a better characterization of the neuroinflammation in patients is desirable.

Keywords: adaptive immunity; innate immunity; intracerebral hemorrhage; neuroinflammation; stroke.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Primary and secondary brain damage after intracerebral hemorrhage.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Ajami B., Bennett J. L., Krieger C., Tetzlaff W., Rossi F. M. (2007). Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life. Nat. Neurosci. 10, 1538–1543. 10.1038/nn2014 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Anderson C. S., Heeley E., Huang Y., Wang J., Stapf C., Delcourt C., et al. . (2013). Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N. Engl. J. Med. 368, 2355–2365. 10.1056/NEJMoa1214609 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Aronowski J., Hall C. E. (2005). New horizons for primary intracerebral hemorrhage treatment: experience from preclinical studies. Neurol. Res. 27, 268–279. 10.1179/016164105x25225 - DOI - PubMed
    1. Aronowski J., Zhao X. (2011). Molecular pathophysiology of cerebral hemorrhage: secondary brain injury. Stroke 42, 1781–1786. 10.1161/strokeaha.110.596718 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Barnes P. J. (1996). Is immunotherapy for asthma worthwhile? N Engl J. Med. 334, 531–532. 10.1056/NEJM199602223340811 - DOI - PubMed