Determination of four acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in wastewater samples by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet and high-performance liquid chromatography

Abstract

A simple, environmentally friendly, and sensitive dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic droplet for the extraction of four acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ketoprofen, naproxen, ibuprofen, and diclofenac) from wastewater samples subsequent by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis was developed. The influence of extraction parameters such as pH, the effect of solution ionic strength, type of extraction solvent, disperser solvent, and extraction solvent volume were studied. High enrichment factors (283-302) were obtained through the developed method. The method provides good linearity (r > 0.999) in a concentration range of 1-100 μg/L, good intra- and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation < 7%) and low limits of quantification. The relative recoveries of the selected compounds were situated over 80% both in synthetic and real water samples. The developed method has been successfully applied for the analysis of the selected compounds in wastewater samples.

Keywords: Acidic nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction; Liquid chromatography; Solidification of floating organic droplet; Wastewater samples.