Polyphasic taxonomy of the genus Talaromyces

Abstract

The genus Talaromyces was described by Benjamin in 1955 as a sexual state of Penicillium that produces soft walled ascomata covered with interwoven hyphae. Phylogenetic information revealed that Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium and Talaromyces form a monophyletic clade distinct from the other Penicillium subgenera. Subsequently, in combination with the recent adoption of the one fungus one name concept, Penicillium subgenus Biverticillium was transferred to Talaromyces. At the time, the new combinations were made based only on phylogenetic information. As such, the aim of this study was to provide a monograph on Talaromyces applying a polyphasic species concept, including morphological, molecular and physiological characters. Based on an ITS, BenA and RPB2 multigene phylogeny, we propose a new sectional classification for the genus, placing the 88 accepted species into seven sections, named sections Bacillispori, Helici, Islandici, Purpurei, Subinflati, Talaromyces and Trachyspermi. We provide morphological descriptions for each of these species, as well as notes on their identification using morphology and DNA sequences. For molecular identification, BenA is proposed as a secondary molecular marker to the accepted ITS barcode for fungi.

Keywords: Ascomycetes; Ascospores; Biotechnology; Food spoilage; Single name nomenclature; Talaromyces marneffei; Trichocomaceae.

Fig. 1

Combined phylogeny of the ITS, BenA and RPB2 gene regions of species from Talaromyces. Trichocoma paradoxa was chosen as out-group. Support in nodes is indicated above thick branches and is represented by posterior probabilities (BI analysis) of 0.95 and higher and/or bootstrap values (ML analysis) of 80 % and higher. Full support (1.00/100 %) is indicated with an asterisk (*); support lower than 0.95/80 is indicated with a dash (–). ^T = ex type.

Fig. 1

Combined phylogeny of the ITS, BenA and RPB2 gene regions of species from Talaromyces. Trichocoma paradoxa was chosen as out-group. Support in nodes is indicated above thick branches and is represented by posterior probabilities (BI analysis) of 0.95 and higher and/or bootstrap values (ML analysis) of 80 % and higher. Full support (1.00/100 %) is indicated with an asterisk (*); support lower than 0.95/80 is indicated with a dash (–). ^T = ex type.

Fig. 2

ML phylogenies of ITS (left) and BenA (right) for species classified in Talaromyces sect. Talaromyces. Talaromyces dendriticus was chosen as out-group. Support in nodes is indicated above thick branches and is represented by bootstrap values of 80 % and higher. ^T = ex type. Model selected: Tamura 3-parameter (T92) +G+I for ITS, K2+G for BenA, alignment 537 (ITS) and 458 (BenA) bp.

Fig. 2

ML phylogenies of ITS (left) and BenA (right) for species classified in Talaromyces sect. Talaromyces. Talaromyces dendriticus was chosen as out-group. Support in nodes is indicated above thick branches and is represented by bootstrap values of 80 % and higher. ^T = ex type. Model selected: Tamura 3-parameter (T92) +G+I for ITS, K2+G for BenA, alignment 537 (ITS) and 458 (BenA) bp.

Fig. 3

ML phylogenies of ITS (left) and BenA (right) for species classified in Talaromyces sect. Helici. Talaromyces ucrainicus was chosen as out-group. Support in nodes is indicated above thick branches and is represented by bootstrap values of 80 % and higher. ^T = ex type. Model selected: T92+G for ITS, K2+I for BenA, alignment 463 (ITS) and 510 (BenA) bp.

Fig. 4

ML phylogenies of ITS (left) and BenA (right) for species classified in Talaromyces sect. Purpurei. Talaromyces calidicanius was chosen as out-group. Support in nodes is indicated above thick branches and is represented by bootstrap values of 80 % and higher. ^T = ex type. Model selected: T92+G for ITS, K2+G for BenA, alignment 521 (ITS) and 376 (BenA) bp.

Fig. 5

ML phylogenies of ITS (left) and BenA (right) for species classified in Talaromyces sect. Trachyspermi. Talaromyces purpurogenus was chosen as out-group. Support in nodes is indicated above thick branches and is represented by bootstrap values of 80 % and higher. ^T = ex type. Model selected: T92+G+I for ITS, K2+G for BenA, alignment 495 (ITS) and 376 (BenA) bp.

Fig. 6

ML phylogenies of ITS (left) and BenA (right) for species classified in Talaromyces sect. Bacillispori. Talaromyces rugulosus was chosen as out-group. Support in nodes is indicated above thick branches and is represented by bootstrap values of 80 % and higher. ^T = ex type. Model selected: T92+G for ITS, K2+G for BenA, alignment 457 (ITS) and 469 (BenA) bp.

Fig. 7

ML phylogenies of ITS (left) and BenA (right) for species classified in Talaromyces sect. Islandici. Talaromyces palmae and T. subinflatus (Talaromyces sect. Subinflati) were chosen as out-group. Support in nodes is indicated above thick branches and is represented by bootstrap values of 80 % and higher. ^T = ex type. Model selected: GTR+G for ITS, K2+G for BenA, alignment 584 (ITS) and 398 (BenA) bp.

Fig 8

Micromorphological features of Talaromyces. A–E. Condiophore branching: A. Solitary phialides. B. Monoverticillate. C. Biverticillate. D–E. Biverticillate with extra subterminal branching. F. Acerose phialides G. Flask-shaped phialides. H–K. Shapes of conidia: H. Cylindrical and rod-shaped. G. Globose. H, I. Ellipsoidal. Scale bars: F, G = 10 μm; A = 10 μm, applies B–E and H–K.

Fig. 9

Morphological characters of Talaromyces aculeatus (CBS 289.48^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 10

Morphological characters of Talaromyces aerugineus (CBS 350.66^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B, C. Colony texture on MEA after 2 wk incubation. D–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–H.

Fig. 11

Morphological characters of Talaromyces albobiverticillius (CBS 206.89). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture on MEA after 1 wk incubation (CBS 113442^T). C. Colony texture on MEA after 1 wk incubation (CBS 206.89). D–H Conidiophores. I. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–I.

Fig. 12

Morphological characters of Talaromyces allahabadensis (CBS 453.93^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale Bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–H.

Fig. 13

Morphological characters of Talaromyces amestolkiae (CBS 132696^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 14

Morphological characters of Talaromyces angelicus (KACC 46611^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 15

Morphological characters of Talaromyces apiculatus (CBS 312.59^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 16

Morphological characters of Talaromyces assiutensis (CBS 116554) A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Ascomata D. Asci and ascopsores. E–G. Conidiophores. H. Ascospores. I. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–I.

Fig. 17

Morphological characters of Talaromyces atricola (CBS 255.31^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 18

Morphological characters of Talaromyces atroroseus (CBS 133442^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 50 μm; C = 10 μm, applies to D–H.

Fig. 19

Morphological characters of Talaromyces aurantiacus (CBS 314.59^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 20

Morphological characters of Talaromyces austrocalifornicus (CBS 645.95^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–H.

Fig. 21

Morphological characters of Talaromyces bacillisporus (CBS 298.48^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B Colony reverse on CYA after 1 wk incubation at 30 °C. C. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. D. Asci and ascopsores. E–G. Conidiophores. H. Ascospores. I. Conidia. Scale bars: C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–I.

Fig. 22

Morphological characters of Talaromyces brunneus (CBS 227.60^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 23

Morphological characters of Talaromyces calidicanius (CBS 112002^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and synnemata on MEA after 1 wk incubation. C–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 1000 μm; C = 50 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–G.

Fig. 24

Morphological characters of Talaromyces cecidicola (CBS 101419^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and synnemata on MEA after 1 wk incubation. C. Synnemata. D–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 1000 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–G.

Fig. 25

Morphological characters of Talaromyces chloroloma (DAOM 241016^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and synnemata on MEA after 2 wk incubation. C. Synnemata. D–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–H.

Fig. 26

Morphological characters of Talaromyces cnidii (KACC 46617^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 27

Morphological characters of Talaromyces coalescens (CBS 103.83^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture on MEA after 2 wk incubation. C. Synnemata. D–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–H.

Fig. 28

Morphological characters of Talaromyces columbinus (CBS 137393). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–H.

Fig. 29

Morphological characters of Talaromyces convolutus (CBS 100537^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Ascomata from OA after 3 wk incubation. C. Initials. D–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 500 μm; C = 10 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–H.

Fig. 30

Morphological characters of Talaromyces dendriticus (DTO 183-G3). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and synnemata on MEA after 2 wk incubation. C. Synnemata. D–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 2000 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–H.

Fig. 31

Morphological characters of Talaromyces derxii (CBS 412.89^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. b. Colony texture of on OA after 2 wk incubation. C–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 500 μm; C = 10 μm, applies to D–G.

Fig. 32

Morphological characters of Talaromyces diversus (CBS 320.48^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 33

Morphological characters of Talaromyces duclauxii (CBS 322.48^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and synnemata on MEA after 2 wk incubation. C–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 1000 μm; C = 10 μm, applies to D–G.

Fig. 34

Morphological characters of Talaromyces emodensis (CBS 100536^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Ascomata. D–E. Asci and ascopsores F. Ascospores. Scale bars: B = 1000 μm; C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–F.

Fig. 35

Morphological characters of Talaromyces erythromellis (CBS 644.80^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 36

Morphological characters of Talaromyces euchlorocarpius (PF 1203^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and synnemata on Hay infusion agar after 1 wk incubation. C. Ascomata. D. Asci and ascospores. E. Initials. F–H. Conidiophores. I. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 500 μm; C = 10 μm; E = 10 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to F–I.

Fig. 37

Morphological characters of Talaromyces flavovirens (CBS 1102801^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture on MEA after 3 wk incubation. C–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 500 μm; C = 10 μm, applies to D–G.

Fig. 38

Morphological characters of Talaromyces flavus (CBS 310.38^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Ascomata D. Ascomata and asci. E. initials. F. Conidiophores. G. Asci and ascospores. H. Ascospores. Scale bars: B–D = 500 μm; E = 10 μm, applies to F–H.

Fig. 39

Morphological characters of Talaromyces funiculosus (CBS 883.70). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture on MEA after 1 wk incubation. C–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: C = 50 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–H.

Fig. 40

Morphological characters of Talaromyces galapagensis (CBS 751.74^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture on MEA after 2 wk incubation. C–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 100 μm; C = 10 μm, applies to D–H.

Fig. 41

Morphological characters of Talaromyces helicus (CBS 335.48^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Ascomata. D. Asci and ascopsores. E. Initials. F–H. Conidiophores. I. Ascospores. J. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 500 μm; C = 250 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–J.

Fig. 42

Morphological characters of Talaromyces indogoticus (CBS 100534^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Initials. C–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–H.

Fig. 43

Morphological characters of Talaromyces intermedius (CBS 152.65^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C–D. Ascomata. E. Conidiophores. F. Initials. G. Asci and ascospores. H. Ascospores. Scale bars: B, C = 500 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 10 μm, applies to F–H.

Fig. 44

Morphological characters of Talaromyces islandicus (CBS 338.48^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–H.

Fig. 45

Morphological characters of Talaromyces liani (CBS 118885). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Ascomata. D. Asci and ascopsores. E–G. Conidiophores. H. Ascospores. I. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–I.

Fig. 46

Morphological characters of Talaromyces loliensis (CBS 643.80^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 47

Morphological characters of Talaromyces macrosporus (CBS 317.63^T). a. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Ascomata. D, E. Conidiophores. F. Conidia. G. Asci and ascospores. H. Ascospores. Scale bars: B = 1000 μm; C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–H.

Fig. 48

Morphological characters of Talaromyces marneffei (CBS 549.77). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Mycelia. C. Yeast phase. D–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 49

Morphological characters of Talaromyces mimosinus (CBS 659.80^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–H.

Fig. 50

Morphological characters of Talaromyces minioluteus (CBS 642.68^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–H.

Fig. 51

Morphological characters of Talaromyces muroii (CBS 756.96^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Ascomata. D. Asci and ascopsores. E–G. Conidiophores. H. Ascospores. I. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 500 μm; C = 250 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–I.

Fig. 52

Morphological characters of Talaromyces palmae (CBS 442.88^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–E. Conidiophores. F. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–F.

Fig. 53

Morphological characters of Talaromyces panamensis (CBS 128.89^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and synnemata on MEA after 1 wk incubation. C–E. Conidiophores. F. Conidia. Scale bar: C = 10 μm, applies to D–F.

Fig. 54

Morphological characters of Talaromyces piceus (CBS 137377). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 55

Morphological characters of Talaromyces pinophilus (DTO 183-I6). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 50 μm; C = 10 μm, applies to D–H.

Fig. 56

Morphological characters of Talaromyces pittii (CBS 139.48^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and synnemata on MEA after 3 wk incubation. C–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 1000 μm; C = 10 μm, applies to D–H.

Fig. 57

Morphological characters of Talaromyces primulinus (CBS 321.48^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 58

Morphological characters of Talaromyces proteolyticus (CBS 303.67^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 59

Morphological characters of Talaromyces pseudostromaticus (CBS 470.70^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and synnemata on MEA after 2 wk incubation. C. Synnemata. D–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 2000 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–G.

Fig. 60

Morphological characters of Talaromyces ptychoconidium (DAOM 241017^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B, C. Colony texture on MEA after 2 wk incubation. D–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 500 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 10 μm, applies to F–H.

Fig. 61

Morphological characters of Talaromyces purpureus (CBS 475.71^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture on MEA after 2 wk incubation. C. Colony texture on OA after 2 wk incubation. D. Initials. E–J. Conidiophores. K. Conidia. Scale bars: B = 500 μm; C = 100 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–K.

Fig. 62

Micromorphological characters of Talaromyces purpureus (CBS 475.71^T) from Stolk & Samson (1972). A. Conidiogenous structures. B. Conidia. C. Initials surrounded by thin hyphae. D. Initials. E. Asci produced in chains. F. Ascospores. G. Loosely branched hyphae covering ascoma. Scale bar 10 μm.

Fig. 63

Morphological characters of Talaromyces purpurogenus (CBS 132707). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 64

Morphological characters of Talaromyces rademirici (CBS 140.84^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 65

Morphological characters of Talaromyces radicus (CBS 100489^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–H.

Fig. 66

Morphological characters of Talaromyces ramulosus (DAOM 241660^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and synnemata on MEA after 3 wk incubation. C. Synnemata. D–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 1000 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–H.

Fig. 67

Morphological characters of Talaromyces rotundus (CBS 369.48^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Texture an ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Asci and ascospores. D. Ascospores. E–H. Conidiophores. I. Conidia. Scale bar: C = 10 μm, applies to D–I.

Fig. 68

Morphological characters of Talaromyces ruber (CBS 132704^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 69

Morphological characters of Talaromyces rubicundus (CBS 342.59^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 70

Morphological characters of Talaromyces rugulosus (DTO 180-A4). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 71

Morphological characters of Talaromyces scorteus (CBS 233.60). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 72

Morphological characters of Talaromyces siamensis (CBS 475.88^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 73

Morphological characters of Talaromyces solicola (CBS 133445^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 74

Morphological characters of Talaromyces stipitatus (CBS 236.60). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Ascomata. D, E. Asci and ascospores. F. Ascospores. Scale bars: B = 1000 μm; C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E, F.

Fig. 75

Morphological characters of Talaromyces stollii (CBS 408.93^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 76

Morphological characters of Talaromyces subinflatus (CBS 652.95^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 77

Morphological characters of Talaromyces tardifaciens (CBS 250.94^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Asci. C. Ascospores. D. Initials. E–H. Conidiophores. I. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–I.

Fig. 78

Morphological characters of Talaromyces thailandensis (CBS 133147^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Ascomata D. Asci and ascospores. E–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. I. Ascospores. Scale bars: B, C = 1000 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–I.

Fig. 79

Morphological characters of Talaromyces trachyspermus (CBS 373.48^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Ascomata D. Asci and ascospores. E–G. Conidiophores. H. Ascospores. I. Conidia. Scale bars: B, C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–I.

Fig 80

Morphological characters of Talaromyces tratensis (CBS 113146^T) a. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Asci and ascospores. D. Ascospores. E–H. Conidiophores. I. Conidia. Scale bar: C = 10 μm, applies to D–I.

Fig. 81

Morphological characters of Talaromyces ucrainicus (CBS 583.72C). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 2 wk incubation. C. Ascomata. D. Asci and ascospores. E–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. I. Ascospores. Scale bars: B, C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–I.

Fig. 82

Morphological characters of Talaromyces udagawae (CBS 579.72^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture on OA after 1 wk incubation. C. Colony texture and ascomata on OA after 3 wk incunation. D. Initials. E. Asci and ascospores. F. Ascospores. Scale bars: B, C = 500 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E, F.

Fig. 83

Morphological characters of Talaromyces varians (CBS 386.48^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 84

Morphological characters of Talaromyces verruculosus (CBS 388.48^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 85

Morphological characters of Talaromyces viridis (CBS 114.72^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and synnemata on MEA after 2 wk incubation. C. Ascomata. D–E. Asci and ascospores. F. Peridial hyphae. G–I. Conidiophores. J. Conidia. K. Ascospores. Scale bars: B = 500 μm; C = 50 μm; D = 10 μm, applies to E–K.

Fig. 86

Morphological characters of Talaromyces viridulus (CBS 252.87^T). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B–F. Conidiophores. G. Conidia. Scale bar: B = 10 μm, applies to C–G.

Fig. 87

Morphological characters of Talaromyces wortmannii (CBS 319.63). A. Colonies from left to right (top row) CYA, MEA, DG18 and OA; (bottom row) CYA reverse, MEA reverse, YES and CREA. B. Colony texture and ascomata on MEA after 2 wk incubation. C. Asci and ascopsores. D–G. Conidiophores. H. Conidia. Scale bar: C = 10 μm, applies to D–H.