Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2014 Dec 12;2014(12):CD011273.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011273.pub2.

Cardiac rehabilitation for people with heart disease: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Lindsey Anderson  1 , Rod S Taylor
Affiliations

Cardiac rehabilitation for people with heart disease: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews

Lindsey Anderson et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Overviews are a new approach to summarising evidence and synthesising results from related systematic reviews.

Objectives: To conduct an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews to provide a contemporary review of the evidence for delivery of cardiac rehabilitation, to identify opportunities for merging or splitting existing Cochrane reviews, and to identify current evidence gaps to inform new cardiac rehabilitation systematic review titles.

Methods: We searched The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2014, Issue 10) to identify systematic reviews that addressed the objectives of this overview. We assessed the quality of included reviews using the Revised Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (R-AMSTAR) measurement tool and the quality of the evidence for reported outcomes using the GRADE framework. The focus of the data presentation was descriptive with detailed tabular presentations of review level and trial level characteristics and results.

Main results: We found six Cochrane systematic reviews and judged them to be of high methodological quality. They included 148 randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in 98,093 participants. Compared with usual care alone, the addition of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in low-risk people after myocardial infarction or percutaneous coronary intervention or with heart failure appeared to have no impact on mortality, but did reduce hospital admissions and improved health-related quality of life. Psychological- and education-based interventions alone appeared to have little or no impact on mortality or morbidity but may have improved health-related quality of life. Home- and centre-based programmes were equally effective in improving quality of life outcomes at similar healthcare costs. Selected interventions can increase the uptake of cardiac rehabilitation programmes whilst there is currently only weak evidence to support interventions that improve adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programmes. The quality of the primary RCTs in the included systematic reviews was variable, and limitations in the methodological quality of the RCTs led to downgrading of the quality of the evidence, which varied widely by review and by outcome.

Authors' conclusions: Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation is an effective and safe therapy to be used in the management of clinically stable people following myocardial infarction or percutaneous coronary intervention or who have heart failure. Future RCTs of cardiac rehabilitation need to improve their reporting methods and reflect the real world practice better including the recruitment of higher risk people and consideration of contemporary models of cardiac rehabilitation delivery, and identify effective interventions for enhancing adherence to rehabilitation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Rod Taylor was a co‐author on five of the included systematic reviews.

Lindsey Anderson has no known conflict of interest.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011273

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

References to included reviews

Brown 2011
    1. Brown JP, Clark AM, Dalal H, Welch K, Taylor RS. Patient education in the management of coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 12. Art. No: CD008895. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008895.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Heran 2011
    1. Heran BS, Chen JM, Ebrahim S, Moxham T, Oldridge N, Rees K, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 7. Art. No: CD001800. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001800.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Karmali 2014
    1. Karmali K, Davies P, Taylor F, Beswick A, Martin N, Ebrahim S. Promoting patient uptake and adherence in cardiac rehabilitation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 6. Art. No: CD007131. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007131.pub3] - DOI - PubMed
Taylor 2014a
    1. Taylor RS, Dalal H, Jolly K, Zawada A. Home-based versus centre-based cardiac rehabilitation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue in press. Art. No: CD007130. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007130.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Taylor 2014b
    1. Taylor RS, Sager VA, Davies EJ, Briscoe S, Coats AJ, Dalal H, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for heart failure. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. Art. No: CD003331. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003331.pub4] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Whalley 2011
    1. Whalley B, Rees K, Davies P, Bennett P, Ebrahim S, Liu Z, et al. Psychological interventions for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 8. Art. No: CD002902. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002902.pub3] - DOI - PubMed

References to excluded reviews

Hulzebos 2012
    1. Hulzebos EHJ, Smit Y, Helders PPJM, Meeteren NLU. Preoperative physical therapy for elective cardiac surgery patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 11. Art. No: CD010118. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010118.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Additional references

Allender 2008
    1. Allender S, Scarborough P, O'Flaherty M, Capewell S. Patterns of coronary heart disease mortality over the 20th century in England and Wales: possible plateaus in the rate of decline. BMC Public Health 2008;8:148. - PMC - PubMed
BACPR 2012
    1. British Association for Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. The BACPR standards and core components for cardiovascular disease prevention and rehabilitation, 2nd edition, 2012. www.bacpr.com/resources/46C_BACPR_Standards_and_Core_Components_2012.pdf (accessed 7 December 2014).
Balady 2011
    1. Balady GJ, Ades PA, Bittner VA, Franklin BA, Gordon NF, Thomas RJ, et al. Referral, enrolment, and delivery of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs at clinical centers and beyond: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011;124(25):2951-60. - PubMed
Balshem 2011
    1. Balshem H, Helfand M, Schunemann HJ, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Brozek J, et al. GRADE guidelines: 3. Rating the quality of evidence. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2011;64:401-6. - PubMed
Becker 2011
    1. Becker LA, Oxman AD. Chapter 22: overviews of reviews. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
Belardinelli 1998
    1. Belardinelli R, Georgiou D, Ginzton L, Cianci G, Purcaro A. Effects of moderate exercise training on thallium uptake and contractile response to low-dose dobutamine of dysfunctional myocardium in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1998;97:553-61. - PubMed
Bethell 2008
    1. Bethell H, Lewin R, Evans J, Turner S, Allender S, Petersen S. Outpatient cardiac rehabilitation attendance in England: variability by region and clinical characteristics. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation and Prevention 2008;28(6):386-91. - PubMed
Black 1998
    1. Black JL, Allison TG, Williams DE, Rummans TA, Gau GT. Effect of intervention for psychological distress on rehospitalization rates in cardiac rehabilitation patients. Psychosomatics 1998;39:134-43. - PubMed
Brown 2003
    1. Brown A, Taylor R, Noorani H, Stone JA, Skidmore B. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation programs for coronary artery disease: a systematic clinical and economic review. Canadian Coordinating office for Health Technology Assessment 2003;Technology report 34.
Bucher 1997
    1. Bucher HC, Guyatt GH, Griffith LE, Walter SD. The results of direct and indirect treatment comparisons in meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1997;50:683-91. - PubMed
Bushman 1984
    1. Bushman BJ. Vote-counting procedures in meta-analysis. In: Cooper H, Hedges LV, editors(s). The Handbook of Research Synthesis. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1984:193-213.
Cipriani 2013
    1. Cipriani A, Higgins JP, Geddes JR, Salanti G. Conceptual and technical challenges in network meta-analysis. Annals of Internal Medicine 2013;159:130-7. - PubMed
Clark 2005
    1. Clark AM, Hartling L, Vandermeer B, McAlister FA. Meta-analysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 2005;143:659-72. - PubMed
Clark 2013
    1. Clark AM. What are the components of complex interventions in healthcare? Theorizing approaches to parts, powers and the whole intervention. Social Science & Medicine 2013;93:185-93. - PubMed
Clausen 1976
    1. Clausen JP. Circulatory adjustments to dynamic exercise and effect of physical training in normal subjects and in patients with coronary artery disease. Progress in Cardiovascular Disease 1976;18:459-95. - PubMed
Cowie 2000
    1. Cowie MR, Wood DA, Coats AJ, Thompson SG, Suresh V, Poole-Wilson PA, et al. Survival of patients with a new diagnosis of heart failure: a population based study. Heart 2000;83:505-10. - PMC - PubMed
Craig 2008
    1. Craig P, Dieppe P, Macintyre S, Michie S, Nazareth I, Petticrew M. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ 2008;337:a1655. - PMC - PubMed
Dalal 2007
    1. Dalal HM, Evans PH, Campbell JL, Taylor RS, Watt A, Read KL, et al. Home-based versus hospital-based rehabilitation after myocardial infarction: a randomized trial with preference arms - Cornwall Heart Attack Rehabilitation Management Study (CHARMS). International Journal of Cardiology 2007;119:202-11. - PubMed
Dalal 2012
    1. Dalal HM, Wingham J, Palmer J, Taylor R, Petre C, Lewin R, et al. Why do so few patients with heart failure participate in cardiac rehabilitation? A cross-sectional survey from England, Wales and Northern Ireland. BMJ Open 2012;2:e000787. - PMC - PubMed
Daly 2002
    1. Daly J, Sindone AP, Thompson DR, Hancock K, Chang E, Davidson P. Barriers to participation in and adherence to cardiac rehabilitation programs: a critical literature review. Progress in Cardiovascular Nursing 2002;17:8-17. - PubMed
Devi 2011
    1. Devi R, Igbinedion E, Powell J, Singh S, Rees K. Internet based interventions for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 10. Art. No: CD009386. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009386] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Dickstein 2008
    1. Dickstein K, Cohen-Solal A, Filippatos G, McMurray JJ, Ponikowski P, Poole-Wilson PA, et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008: the Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2008 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association of the ESC (HFA) and endorsed by the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM). European Journal of Heart Failure 2008;10:933-89. - PubMed
Duncan 2003
    1. Duncan K, Pozehl B. Effects of an exercise adherence intervention on outcomes in patients with heart failure. Rehabilitation Nursing 2003;28:117-22. - PubMed
Esposito 2008
    1. Esposito D, Brown R, Chen A, Schore J, Shapiro R. Impacts of a disease management program for dually eligible beneficiaries. Health Care Financing Review 2008;30:27-45. - PMC - PubMed
Euler 2013
    1. Euler U, Wegewitz UE, Schmitt J, Adams J, Dijk JL, Seidler A. Interventions to support return-to-work for patients with coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 9. Art. No: CD010748. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010748] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Flynn 2009
    1. Flynn KE, Pina IL, Whellan DJ, Lin L, Blumenthal JA, Ellis SJ, et al. Effects of exercise training on health status in patients with chronic heart failure: HF-ACTION randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:1451-9. - PMC - PubMed
Gardner 2010
    1. Gardner B, Whittington C, McAteer J, Eccles MP, Michie S. Using theory to synthesise evidence from behaviour change interventions: the example of audit and feedback. Social Science & Medicine 2010;70:1618-25. - PubMed
Gaziano 2010
    1. Gaziano TA, Bitton A, Anand S, Abrahams-Gessel S, Murphy A. Growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low- and middle-income countries. Current Problems in Cardiology 2010;35:72-115. - PMC - PubMed
Georgiou 2001
    1. Georgiou D, Chen Y, Appadoo S, Belardinelli R, Greene R, Parides MK, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of long-term moderate exercise training in chronic heart failure. American Journal of Cardiology 2001;87:984-8. - PubMed
Go 2014
    1. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics - 2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2014;129:e28-e292. - PMC - PubMed
GRADEpro 2008 [Computer program]
    1. GRADE Working Group GRADEprofiler. Version 3.2 for Windows. Brozek J, Oxman A, Schünemann H. GRADE Working Group, 2008.
Gravely‐Witte 2007
    1. Gravely-Witte S, De Gucht V, Heiser W, Grace SL, Van Elderen T. The impact of angina and cardiac history on health-related quality of life and depression in coronary heart disease patients. Chronic Illness 2007;3:66-76. - PMC - PubMed
Hambrecht 1998
    1. Hambrecht R, Fiehn E, Weigl C, Gielen S, Hamann C, Kaiser R, et al. Regular physical exercise corrects endothelial dysfunction and improves exercise capacity in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 1998;98(24):2709-15. - PubMed
Hambrecht 2000
    1. Hambrecht R, Gielen S, Linke A, Fiehn E, Yu J, Walther C, et al. Effects of exercise training on left ventricular function and peripheral resistance in patients with chronic heart failure: a randomized trial. JAMA 2000;283:3095-101. - PubMed
Haykowsky 2007
    1. Haykowsky MJ, Liang Y, Pechter D, Jones LW, McAlister FA, Clark AM. A meta-analysis of the effect of exercise training on left ventricular remodeling in heart failure patients: the benefit depends on the type of training performed. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2007;49:2329-36. - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
Hobbs 2007
    1. Hobbs FD, Roalfe AK, Davis RC, Davies MK, Hare R, Midlands Research Practices Consortium. Prognosis of all-cause heart failure and borderline left ventricular systolic dysfunction: 5 year mortality follow-up of the Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening Study (ECHOES). European Heart Journal 2007;28:1128-34. - PubMed
Hoffmann 2014
    1. Hoffmann TC, Glasziou PP, Boutron I, Milne R, Perera R, Moher D, et al. Better reporting of interventions: template for intervention description and replication (TIDieR) checklist and guide. BMJ 2014;348:g1687. - PubMed
Hwang 2009
    1. Hwang R, Marwick T. Efficacy of home-based exercise programmes for people with chronic heart failure: a meta-analysis. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2009;16:527-35. - PubMed
Jolliffe 2001
    1. Jolliffe JA, Rees K, Taylor RS, Thompson D, Oldridge N, Ebrahim S. Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 1. Art. No: CD001800. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001800] - DOI - PubMed
Jolly 1998
    1. Jolly K, Bradley F, Sharp S, Smith H, Mant D. Follow-up care in general practice of patients with myocardial infarction or angina pectoris: initial results of the SHIP trial. Southampton Heart Integrated Care Project. Family Practice 1998;15:548-55. - PubMed
Jolly 2007
    1. Jolly K, Taylor R, Lip GY, Greenfield S, Raftery J, Mant J, et al. The Birmingham Rehabilitation Uptake Maximisation Study (BRUM). Home-based compared with hospital-based cardiac rehabilitation in a multi-ethnic population: cost-effectiveness and patient adherence. Health Technology Assessment 2007;11:1-118. - PubMed
Koongstvedt 2001
    1. Koongstvedt PR. The Managed Health Care Handbook. 4th edition. New York: Aspen Publishers, 2001.
Kostis 1997
    1. Kostis JB, Davis BR, Cutler J, Grimm RH Jr, Berge KG, Cohen JD, et al. Prevention of heart failure by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. JAMA 1997;278:212-6. - PubMed
Kung 2010
    1. Kung J, Chiappelli F, Cajulis OO, Avezova R, Kossan G, Chew L, et al. From systematic reviews to clinical recommendations for evidence-based health care: validation of Revised Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews (R-AMSTAR) for grading of clinical relevance. Open Dentistry Journal 2010;4:84-91. - PMC - PubMed
Lawler 2011
    1. Lawler PR, Filion KB, Eisenberg MJ. Efficacy of exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation post-myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Heart Journal 2011;162:571-84. - PubMed
Lisspers 1999
    1. Lisspers J, Sundin O, Hofman-Bang C, Nordlander R, Nygren A, Ryden L, et al. Behavioral effects of a comprehensive, multifactorial program for lifestyle change after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: a prospective, randomized controlled study. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 1999;46:143-54. - PubMed
Mathers 2008
    1. Mathers C, Fat D, Boerma JT. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. World Health Organization, 2008.
McKelvie 2013
    1. McKelvie R S, Moe G W, Ezekowitz J A, Heckman G A, Costigan J, Ducharme A, et al. The 2012 Canadian Cardiovascular Society heart failure management guidelines update: focus on acute and chronic heart failure. Can J Cardiol 2013;29:168-81. - PubMed
McMurray 2005
    1. McMurray JJ, Pfeffer MA. Heart failure. Lancet 2005;365:1877-89. - PubMed
McMurray 2012
    1. McMurray John JV, Adamopoulos Stamatis, Anker Stefan D, Auricchio Angelo, Böhm Michael, Dickstein Kenneth, et al. ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012 The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute and Chronic Heart Failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. European heart journal 2012;33:1787-847. - PubMed
Mechta‐Nielsen 2014
    1. Mechta-Nielsen. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adult patients with ICD [personal communication]. Email to: L Anderson 9 May 2014.
Mehta 2009
    1. Mehta PA, Dubrey SW, McIntyre HF, Walker DM, Hardman SM, Sutton GC, et al. Improving survival in the 6 months after diagnosis of heart failure in the past decade: population-based data from the UK. Heart 2009;95:1851-6. - PubMed
Miller 1984
    1. Miller NH, Haskell WL, Berra K, DeBusk RF. Home versus group exercise training for increasing functional capacity after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1984;70:645-9. - PubMed
Mills 2013
    1. Mills EJ, Thorlund K, Ioannidis JP. Demystifying trial networks and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2013;346:f2914. - PubMed
Moore 2003
    1. Moore SM, Dolansky MA, Ruland CM, Pashkow FJ, Blackburn GG. Predictors of women's exercise maintenance after cardiac rehabilitation. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation 2003;23:40-9. - PubMed
NICE 2013
    1. NICE. Clinical guideline 172. MI – secondary prevention. Secondary prevention in primary and secondary care for patients following a myocardial infarction. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg172 2013. - PubMed
NICE 2013b
    1. NICE. Commissioning guides 40. Cardiac rehabilitation services. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cmg40 2013.
O'Connor 1989
    1. O'Connor GT, Buring JE, Yusuf S, Goldhaber SZ, Olmstead EM, Paffenbarger RS Jr, et al. An overview of randomized trials of rehabilitation with exercise after myocardial infarction. Circulation 1989;80:234-44. - PubMed
Oldridge 1988
    1. Oldridge NB, Guyatt GH, Fischer ME, Rimm AA. Cardiac rehabilitation after myocardial infarction. Combined experience of randomized clinical trials. JAMA 1988;260:945-50. - PubMed
Oldridge 2012
    1. Oldridge N. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation in patients with coronary heart disease: meta-analysis outcomes revisited. Future of Cardiology 2012;8:729-51. - PubMed
Perk 2012
    1. Perk J, De Backer G, Gohlke H, Graham I, Reiner Z, Verschuren M, et al. European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012). The Fifth Joint Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by representatives of nine societies and by invited experts). European Heart Journal 2012;33(13):1635-701. - PubMed
Petticrew 2013
    1. Petticrew M, Anderson L, Elder R, Grimshaw J, Hopkins D, Hahn R, et al. Complex interventions and their implications for systematic reviews: a pragmatic approach. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2013;66:1209-14. - PubMed
Piepoli 2004
    1. Piepoli MF, Davos C, Francis DP, Coats AJ, ExTra Match Collaborative. Exercise training meta-analysis of trials in patients with chronic heart failure (ExTraMATCH). BMJ 2004;328:189. - PMC - PubMed
PRECOR 1991
    1. PRECOR, Leizoroviez A, Saint-Pierre A, Vasselon C, Boissel JP. Comparison of a rehabilitation programme, a counselling programme and usual care after an acute myocardial infarction: results of a long-term randomized trial. European Heart Journal 1991;12:612-6. - PubMed
Racca 2010
    1. Racca V, Spezzaferri R, Modica M, Mazzini P, Jonsdottir J, De Maria R, et al. Functioning and disability in ischaemic heart disease. Disability and Rehabilitation 2010;32 Suppl 1:S42-9. - PubMed
RevMan 2014 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager (RevMan). Version 5.3. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2014.
Risom 2014
    1. Risom SS, Zwisler A-D, Johansen PP, Sibilitz KL, Lindschou J, Taylor RS, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults with atrial fibrillation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 7. Art. No: CD011197. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011197] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shea 2009
    1. Shea BJ, Hamel C, Wells GA, Bouter LM, Kristjansson E, Grimshaw J, et al. AMSTAR is a reliable and valid measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2009;62:1013-20. - PubMed
Sibilitz 2013
    1. Sibilitz KL, Berg SK, Tang LH, Risom SS, Gluud C, Lindschou J, et al. Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for adults after heart valve surgery. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 12. Art. No: CD010876. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010876] - DOI - PubMed
Stern 1983
    1. Stern MJ, Gorman PA, Kaslow L. The group counselling v exercise therapy study. A controlled intervention with subjects following myocardial infarction. Archives of Internal Medicine 1983;143:1719-25. - PubMed
Task Force Members 2013
    1. Task Force Members, Montalescot G, Sechtem U, Andreotti F, Arden C, Budaj A, et al. 2013 ESC guidelines on the management of stable coronary artery disease: the Task Force on the management of stable coronary artery disease of the European Society of Cardiology. European Heart Journal 2013;34(38):2949-3003. - PubMed
Taylor 2004
    1. Taylor RS, Brown A, Ebrahim S, Jolliffe J, Noorani H, Rees K, et al. Exercise-based rehabilitation for patients with coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. American Journal of Medicine 2004;116:682-92. - PubMed
Taylor 2006
    1. Taylor RS, Unal B, Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality reductions in patients receiving exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation: how much can be attributed to cardiovascular risk factor improvements? European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2006;13:369-74. - PubMed
Taylor 2012
    1. Taylor RS, Cochrane Review Authors. The RAMIT trial: its results in the context of 2012 Cochrane review. Heart 2012;98:672-3. - PubMed
Tierney 2011
    1. Tierney S, Mamas M, Skelton D, Woods S, Rutter MK, Gibson M, et al. What can we learn from patients with heart failure about exercise adherence? A systematic review of qualitative papers. Health Psychology 2011;30:401-10. - PubMed
Weir 2012
    1. Weir MC, Grimshaw, JM, Mayhew A, Fergusson D. Decisions about lumping vs. splitting of the scope of systematic reviews of complex interventions are not well justified: a case study in systematic reviews of health care professional reminders. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2012;65:756-63. - PubMed
West 2012
    1. West RR, Jones DA, Henderson AH. Rehabilitation After Myocardial Infarction Trial (RAMIT): multi-centre randomised controlled trial of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation in patients following acute myocardial infarction. Heart 2012;98:637-44. - PubMed
WHO 2014
    1. World Health Organization (WHO). Global health observatory data repository. apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main (accessed 7 December 2014).
Yancy 2013
    1. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE, Drazner MH, et al. 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2013;62:e147-239. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources