EFFECT OF BREASTFEEDING ON GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTION IN INFANTS: A TARGETED MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD APPROACH FOR CLUSTERED LONGITUDINAL DATA

Abstract

The PROmotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT) cluster-randomized a program encouraging breastfeeding to new mothers in hospital centers. The original studies indicated that this intervention successfully increased duration of breastfeeding and lowered rates of gastrointestinal tract infections in newborns. Additional scientific and popular interest lies in determining the causal effect of longer breastfeeding on gastrointestinal infection. In this study, we estimate the expected infection count under various lengths of breastfeeding in order to estimate the effect of breastfeeding duration on infection. Due to the presence of baseline and time-dependent confounding, specialized "causal" estimation methods are required. We demonstrate the double-robust method of Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation (TMLE) in the context of this application and review some related methods and the adjustments required to account for clustering. We compare TMLE (implemented both parametrically and using a data-adaptive algorithm) to other causal methods for this example. In addition, we conduct a simulation study to determine (1) the effectiveness of controlling for clustering indicators when cluster-specific confounders are unmeasured and (2) the importance of using data-adaptive TMLE.

Keywords: Causal inference; G-computation; inverse probability weighting; marginal effects; missing data; pediatrics.

Fig. 1

Time-ordering of the variables in the PROBIT study. Data were collected at baseline and six follow-up times. At each follow-up time point, breastfeeding status (A_t) and presence of infection over the past interval (L_t) were noted. Censoring occurring at time t (C_t = 1) indicates that later breastfeeding and infection status were not observed.