[The functioning of hormone-sensitive adenylyl cyclase system in the peripheral tissiues in diabetes mellitus]

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus (DM) induces changes in the functioning of hormonal signaling systems in the peripheral organs and tissues, which is one of the key reasons for the development of DM complications. The main factors that lead to such changes are insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia in type 1 DM (DM1), and insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia in type 2 DM (DM2). Of greatest interest are the alterations in hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase signaling system (ACSS), that controls a wide range of biochemical and physiological processes, and is subject to significant changes in pathology. There is a lot of evidence to suggest that in DM in the peripheral tissues there are significant abnormalities of the functional activity of ACSS, which leads to the development of diseases of the cardiovascular system, metabolic disorders, diabetic peripheral neuropathy, and reduced reproductive functions. These disorders affect different stages of hormonal signal transduction via ACSS and are characterized by hormone, receptor, and tissue specificity, and are strongly dependent on the type of DM, its duration and severity. This review summarizes and analyzes the literature data and the results of authors' studies on the functional state of ACSS in the peripheral tissues (the myocardium, skeletal muscle, liver, adipose tissue, and reproductive organs) in animals with experimental models of DM1 and DM2 and in patients with these diseases. It has been concluded that the study of the changes and abnormalities of ACSS in the peripheral tissues in DM necessary for understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease, and for developing effective approaches to prevent and treat its complications.