Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging localizes established extracapsular extension of prostate cancer

Abstract

Objective: To define the accuracy of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) for identifying focal and established extracapsular extension (ECE) in various zones of the prostate.

Methods: Between 2010 and 2013, 342 patients underwent MP-MRI of the prostate (3T, no endorectal coil with axial perfusion and diffusion images). The findings of the images were reported as negative, suspicious, or positive for ECE by a single expert radiologist. Radical prostatectomy specimens were reviewed to confirm the size and the location of ECE and further defined as focal or established ECE. Established ECE included extension that was multifocal or involving more than 5 glands. The accuracy of MRI in localizing focal and established ECE to each zone of the prostate was determined. Regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of ECE.

Results: We identified 112 patients who underwent prostate MP-MRI and radical prostatectomy. MRI findings considered suspicious or definite for ECE accurately predicted pathologic ECE (P<0.001). MP-MRI identified established ECE but not focal ECE. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of MP-MRI for established ECE were 70.7%, 90.6%, 57.1%, and 95.1%, respectively. MRI identified ECE to the left vs. right side as well as each zone of the prostate; however, sensitivity was lowest at the apex. On multivariate analysis, MRI was a significant predictor of ECE that was independent of prostate-specific antigen level, Gleason score, and clinical stage.

Conclusion: MP-MRI is useful for identifying established but not focal ECE in all zones of the prostate. MRI was a significant independent predictor of established ECE and may be a useful adjunct in staging prostate cancer.

Keywords: Cancer staging; Extracapsular extension; Magnetic resonance imaging; Prostate cancer.