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Meta-Analysis
. 2014 Dec 22;4(12):e006325.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006325.

Tobacco smoking and risk of endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Francesca Bravi  1 , Fabio Parazzini  2 , Sonia Cipriani  2 , Francesca Chiaffarino  3 , Elena Ricci  3 , Vito Chiantera  4 , Paola Viganò  5 , Carlo La Vecchia  1
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Tobacco smoking and risk of endometriosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Francesca Bravi et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Objective: Since conflicting results have been published on the role of tobacco smoking on the risk of endometriosis, we provide an up-to-date summary quantification of this potential association.

Design: We performed a PubMed/MEDLINE search of the relevant publications up to September 2014, considering studies on humans published in English. We searched the reference list of the identified papers to find other relevant publications. Case-control as well as cohort studies have been included reporting risk estimates on the association between tobacco smoking and endometriosis. 38 of the 1758 screened papers met the inclusion criteria. The selected studies included a total of 13,129 women diagnosed with endometriosis.

Setting: Academic hospitals.

Main outcome measure: Risk of endometriosis in tobacco smokers.

Results: We obtained the summary estimates of the relative risk (RR) using the random effect model, and assessed the heterogeneity among studies using the χ(2) test and quantified it using the I(2) statistic. As compared to never-smokers, the summary RR were 0.96 (95% CI 0.86 to 1.08) for ever smokers, 0.95 (95% CI 0.81 to 1.11) for former smokers, 0.92 (95% CI 0.82 to 1.04) for current smokers, 0.87 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.07) for moderate smokers and 0.93 (95% CI 0.69 to 1.26) for heavy smokers.

Conclusions: The present meta-analysis provided no evidence for an association between tobacco smoking and the risk of endometriosis. The results were consistent considering ever, former, current, moderate and heavy smokers, and across type of endometriosis and study design.

Keywords: EPIDEMIOLOGY; GYNAECOLOGY.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow chart of the selection of studies on tobacco smoking and risk of endometriosis included in the meta-analysis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Study-specific and summary relative risks (RR) of endometriosis for ever smokers versus never-smokers.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Study-specific and summary relative risks (RR) of endometriosis for current (A) and former smokers (B) versus never-smokers.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Study-specific and summary relative risks (RR) of endometriosis for moderate (A) and heavy (B) current smokers versus never-smokers.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Funnel plot of studies on tobacco smoking and risk of endometriosis (RR, relative risk for ever smokers versus never-smokers).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Cumulative meta-analysis of studies on tobacco smoking and risk of endometriosis (RR, relative risk for ever smokers versus never-smokers).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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