Heterogeneity in vascular smooth muscle cell embryonic origin in relation to adult structure, physiology, and disease

Abstract

Regional differences in vascular physiology and disease response exist throughout the vascular tree. While these differences in physiology and disease correspond to regional vascular environmental conditions, there is also compelling evidence that the embryonic origins of the smooth muscle inherent to the vessels may play a role. Here, we review what is known regarding the role of embryonic origin of vascular smooth muscle cells during vascular development. The focus of this review is to highlight the heterogeneity in the origins of vascular smooth muscle cells and the resulting regional physiologies of the vessels. Our goal is to stimulate future investigation into this area and provide a better understanding of vascular organogenesis and disease. .

Keywords: cellular origins and fates; embryonic development; vascular organogenesis.

Figure 1. Basic structure of the cardiovascular system consists of three layers

In the vasculature, the first layer is the tunica intima (e, blue). This layer is adjacent to the lumen of the vessel and contains endothelial cells. The middle layer is the tunica media (m, red). This layer consists of VSMCs and extra-cellular matrix. The outer layer is the tunica adventitia and is composed of matrix, fibroblasts, and vascular progenitor cells (a, green).

Figure 2

Structural differences between elastic and muscular arteries The media of elastic arteries, such as the aorta, consist of multiple organized layers of VSMCs interspersed with layers of elastin. Muscular arteries, such as the mesenteric artery, have fewer elastic lamina within the media.

Figure 3. Both vascular environment and embryonic origin of the vascular components play a role in establishing regionally specific vascular physiology and disease