Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Multicenter Study
. 2014 Dec 31:14:414.
doi: 10.1186/s12884-014-0414-y.

Adverse effects of parental smoking during pregnancy in urban and rural areas

Helen Andriani  1 , Hsien-Wen Kuo  2   3
Affiliations
Multicenter Study

Adverse effects of parental smoking during pregnancy in urban and rural areas

Helen Andriani et al. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. .

Abstract

Background: Parental smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower birthweight and gestational age, as well as with the risks of low birthweight (LBW) and preterm birth. The present study aims to assess the association of parental smoking during pregnancy with birth outcomes in urban and rural areas.

Methods: This was a secondary analysis of data collected in the Indonesia Family Life Survey, between 1993 and 2007, the first national prospective longitudinal cohort study in Indonesia. Retrospective data of parental smoking habits, socioeconomic status, pregnancy history and birth outcomes were collected from parents with children aged 0 to 5 years (n = 3789). We assessed the relationships between the amount of parental smoking during pregnancy with birthweight (LBW) and with gestational age (preterm birth).

Results: We found a significant reduction in birthweight to be associated with maternal smoking. Smoking (except for paternal smoking) was associated with a decrease in the gestational age and an increased risk of preterm birth. Different associations were found in urban area, infants born to smoking fathers and both smoking parents (>20 cigarettes/day for both cases) had a significant reduction in birthweight and gestational age as well as an increased risk of LBW and preterm birth.

Conclusions: Residence was found to be an effect modifier of the relation between parental smoking during pregnancy, amount of parental smoking, and birth outcomes on their children. Smoking cessation/reduction and smoking intervention program should be advised and prioritized to the area that is more prone to the adverse birth outcomes.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
GAM-estimated relationships between parental smoking amount and birthweight (A-C) and gestational age (D-F), adjusted for birth order. Note. famount = paternal smoking amount; mamount = maternal smoking amount; pamount = smoking amount in both parents.
Figure 2
Figure 2
GAM-estimated relationships between parental smoking amount and LBW (A-C) and preterm birth (D-F), adjusted for birth order. The solid lines indicate the estimated mean percentage of change in birth outcomes, and the dotted lines represent 95% confidence interval. Note. famount = paternal smoking amount; mamount = maternal smoking amount; pamount = smoking amount in both parents.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Das SK. Harmful health effects of cigarette smoking. Mol Cell Biochem. 2003;253(1–2):159–165. doi: 10.1023/A:1026024829294. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Alberman E. Are our babies becoming bigger? J R Soc Med. 1991;84(5):257–260. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Behrman RE, Butler AS. Preterm Birth: Causes, Consequences, and Prevention Institute of Medicine Committee on Understanding Premature, Birth Assuring Healthy, Outcomes The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2007. - PubMed
    1. World Health Organization: Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking.IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 2004, 83:1-1438. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Office on S, Health . The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2006. Publications and Reports of the Surgeon General. - PubMed

Publication types