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. 2012 Sep 25;7(27):2085-91.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.27.001.

Neuroprotective effects of the immunomodulatory drug Setarud on cerebral ischemia in male rats

Farzaneh Vafaee  1 , Nasser Zangiabadi  2 , Fatemeh Mehdi Pour  3 , Farzaneh Dehghanian  3 , Majid Asadi-Shekaari  2 , Hossein Karimi Afshar  3
Affiliations

Neuroprotective effects of the immunomodulatory drug Setarud on cerebral ischemia in male rats

Farzaneh Vafaee et al. Neural Regen Res. .

Abstract

Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant agents can alleviate ischemic cerebral injury. The immunomodulary drug Setarud, which is composed of herbal extracts including Rosa canina, Urtica dioica and Tanacetum vulgare, supplemented with selenium exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. Therefore, we hypothesized that Setarud will have a neuroprotective effect against ischemic cerebral injury. To validate this hypothesis, rats were intraperitoneally administered with 0.66 mL/kg Setarud for 30 minutes after middle cerebral artery occlusion. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining showed that Setarud could reduce cerebral infarct volume of rats subjected to cerebral ischemia. Transmission electron microscopy and hematoxylin-eosin staining results showed that Setarud could alleviate the degenerative changes in cortical neurons of rats with cerebral ischemia. The inclined plate test and prehensile test showed that Setarud could significantly improve the motor function of rats with cerebral ischemia. These findings suggest that Setarud shows neuroprotective effects against ischemic brain injury.

Keywords: antioxidant; brain injury; cerebral infarct; cortex; immunomodulatory drug; inclined plate test; neural regeneration; neuroprotection; prehensile test; stroke.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of interest: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of Setarud on infarct volume of rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 4 rats/group, aP < 0.05, vs. vehicle group). The data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance followed by post-hoc Tukey's test. IMOD: Immunomodulatory drug.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Treatment with Setarud markedly reduced the cortical infarction in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Marked infarction (white areas) is observed in the rat left cortex in the vehicle group. IMOD: Immunomodulatory drug; L: left; R: right.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effect of Setarud treatment on the ultrastructure of cortical neurons in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (transmission electron microscopy). Scale bar: 630 nm. (A) An intact neuron in the sham-operated group. (B) A degenerated neuron in the vehicle group. Note the dilated organelles and the loss of nucleus. (C) A protected neuron treated with Setarud.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Effect of Setarud treatment on neuronal injury in the rat cortex after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Treatment with Setarud significantly protected cortical neurons against ischemic injury (the percentage of degenerated neurons in comparison to surviving ones was calculated). All values are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 4 rats/group, aP < 0.001, vs. vehicle group, Student's t-test). IMOD: Immunomodulatory drug.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effect of Setarud treatment on motor function of rats detected by the traction test. Motor function was significantly improved in animals treated with Setarud (n = 8 rats/group, aP < 0.05, vs. vehicle group). All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. The data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance followed by post-hoc Tukey's test. IMOD: Immunomodulatory drug.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of Setarud treatment on rat motor function determined by the angle board test. Treatment with Setarud significantly enhanced the motor function score in the angle board test (n = 8 rats/group, aP < 0.05, vs. vehicle group). All values are expressed as mean ± SEM. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. IMOD: Immunomodulatory drug.
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