Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2015 Jan 5;1(1):CD008345.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008345.pub2.

Case management approaches to home support for people with dementia

Siobhan Reilly  1 , Claudia Miranda-Castillo, Reem Malouf, Juanita Hoe, Sandeep Toot, David Challis, Martin Orrell
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Case management approaches to home support for people with dementia

Siobhan Reilly et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Over 35 million people are estimated to be living with dementia in the world and the societal costs are very high. Case management is a widely used and strongly promoted complex intervention for organising and co-ordinating care at the level of the individual, with the aim of providing long-term care for people with dementia in the community as an alternative to early admission to a care home or hospital.

Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of case management approaches to home support for people with dementia, from the perspective of the different people involved (patients, carers, and staff) compared with other forms of treatment, including 'treatment as usual', standard community treatment and other non-case management interventions.

Search methods: We searched the following databases up to 31 December 2013: ALOIS, the Specialised Register of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group,The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILACS, Web of Science (including Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) and Social Science Citation Index), Campbell Collaboration/SORO database and the Specialised Register of the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care Group. We updated this search in March 2014 but results have not yet been incorporated.

Selection criteria: We include randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of case management interventions for people with dementia living in the community and their carers. We screened interventions to ensure that they focused on planning and co-ordination of care.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard methodological procedures as required by The Cochrane Collaboration. Two review authors independently extracted data and made 'Risk of bias' assessments using Cochrane criteria. For continuous outcomes, we used the mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) between groups along with its confidence interval (95% CI). We applied a fixed- or random-effects model as appropriate. For binary or dichotomous data, we generated the corresponding odds ratio (OR) with 95% CI. We assessed heterogeneity by the I² statistic.

Main results: We include 13 RCTs involving 9615 participants with dementia in the review. Case management interventions in studies varied. We found low to moderate overall risk of bias; 69% of studies were at high risk for performance bias.The case management group were significantly less likely to be institutionalised (admissions to residential or nursing homes) at six months (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.98, n = 5741, 6 RCTs, I² = 0%, P = 0.02) and at 18 months (OR 0.25, 95% CI 0.10 to 0.61, n = 363, 4 RCTs, I² = 0%, P = 0.003). However, the effects at 10 - 12 months (OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.08, n = 5990, 9 RCTs, I² = 48%, P = 0.39) and 24 months (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.52 to 2.03, n = 201, 2 RCTs, I² = 0%, P = 0.94) were uncertain. There was evidence from one trial of a reduction in the number of days per month in a residential home or hospital unit in the case management group at six months (MD -5.80, 95% CI -7.93 to -3.67, n = 88, 1 RCT, P < 0.0001) and at 12 months (MD -7.70, 95% CI -9.38 to -6.02, n = 88, 1 RCT, P < 0.0001). One trial reported the length of time until participants were institutionalised at 12 months and the effects were uncertain (hazard ratio (HR): 0.66, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.14, P = 0.14). There was no difference in the number of people admitted to hospital at six (4 RCTs, 439 participants), 12 (5 RCTs, 585 participants) and 18 months (5 RCTs, 613 participants). For mortality at 4 - 6, 12, 18 - 24 and 36 months, and for participants' or carers' quality of life at 4, 6, 12 and 18 months, there were no significant effects. There was some evidence of benefits in carer burden at six months (SMD -0.07, 95% CI -0.12 to -0.01, n = 4601, 4 RCTs, I² = 26%, P = 0.03) but the effects at 12 or 18 months were uncertain. Additionally, some evidence indicated case management was more effective at reducing behaviour disturbance at 18 months (SMD -0.35, 95% CI -0.63 to -0.07, n = 206, 2 RCTs I² = 0%, P = 0.01) but effects were uncertain at four (2 RCTs), six (4 RCTs) or 12 months (5 RCTs).The case management group showed a small significant improvement in carer depression at 18 months (SMD -0.08, 95% CI -0.16 to -0.01, n = 2888, 3 RCTs, I² = 0%, P = 0.03). Conversely, the case management group showed greater improvement in carer well-being in a single study at six months (MD -2.20 CI CI -4.14 to -0.26, n = 65, 1 RCT, P = 0.03) but the effects were uncertain at 12 or 18 months. There was some evidence that case management reduced the total cost of services at 12 months (SMD -0.07, 95% CI -0.12 to -0.02, n = 5276, 2 RCTs, P = 0.01) and incurred lower dollar expenditure for the total three years (MD= -705.00, 95% CI -1170.31 to -239.69, n = 5170, 1 RCT, P = 0.003). Data on a number of outcomes consistently indicated that the intervention group received significantly more community services.

Authors' conclusions: There is some evidence that case management is beneficial at improving some outcomes at certain time points, both in the person with dementia and in their carer. However, there was considerable heterogeneity between the interventions, outcomes measured and time points across the 13 included RCTs. There was some evidence from good-quality studies to suggest that admissions to care homes and overall healthcare costs are reduced in the medium term; however, the results at longer points of follow-up were uncertain. There was not enough evidence to clearly assess whether case management could delay institutionalisation in care homes. There were uncertain results in patient depression, functional abilities and cognition. Further work should be undertaken to investigate what components of case management are associated with improvement in outcomes. Increased consistency in measures of outcome would support future meta-analysis.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1.1 Institutionalised (number of patients admitted to residential or nursing homes) (as reported at each time point in trials)
5
5
Forest plot of comparison: 1.9 Caregiver burden.
6
6
Forest plot of comparison: 2.2 Behavioural measures (participants).
7
7
Funnel plot of comparison: 1.1 Institutionalised (number of patients admitted to residential or nursing homes)
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Case management versus usual care (primary outcomes), Outcome 1 Institutionalised (number of participants admitted to residential or nursing homes) (as reported at each time point).
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Case management versus usual care (primary outcomes), Outcome 2 Institutionalised (nursing home stays, mean number of days per month).
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Case management versus usual care (primary outcomes), Outcome 3 Time to institutionalisation.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Case management versus usual care (primary outcomes), Outcome 4 Hospital admission (mean number of nights/.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Case management versus usual care (primary outcomes), Outcome 5 Hospital admissions: (number of participants admitted to hospital).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Case management versus usual care (primary outcomes), Outcome 6 Mortality (number of deaths, participants) (as reported at each time point).
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Case management versus usual care (primary outcomes), Outcome 7 Quality of life (participants).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Case management versus usual care (primary outcomes), Outcome 8 Quality of life (carers).
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Case management versus usual care (primary outcomes), Outcome 9 Caregiver burden.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes), Outcome 1 Cognition measures (participants).
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes), Outcome 2 Behavioural measures (participants).
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes), Outcome 3 Depression/mood measures (participants).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes), Outcome 4 Function measures (participants).
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes), Outcome 5 Carer distress (behavioural) measures (NPI‐distress/reaction RMBPC).
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes), Outcome 6 Mood/depression measures (carers).
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes), Outcome 7 Carer well‐being ‐ GHQ (changes from baseline).
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes), Outcome 8 Social support measures.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes), Outcome 9 Satisfaction with health plan (carers) changes from baseline.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes), Outcome 10 Satisfaction with care (carers).
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes), Outcome 11 Leaving the study early (patients) unwilling or unable to provide information (including died/ institutionalised).
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes: service use/cost ), Outcome 1 Use of community‐based services (number of participants/ carers).
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes: service use/cost ), Outcome 2 Health service use by participants (number of participants).
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes: service use/cost ), Outcome 3 Health service use by participants (continuous outcomes).
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes: service use/cost ), Outcome 4 Cost of service (participants).
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes: service use/cost ), Outcome 5 Healthcare and care‐giving costs (USD or EUR)).
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes: service use/cost ), Outcome 6 Health services costs (participants) (Medicare expenditures) (community services usage) in USD or EUR.
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes: service use/cost ), Outcome 7 Health service use by carers (dichotomous outcomes).
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes: service use/cost ), Outcome 8 Health service use by carers (continuous outcomes).
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes: service use/cost ), Outcome 9 Informal caregiver time (hours).
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes: service use/cost ), Outcome 10 Medicare expenditures; community services usage in Dollars.
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 Case management versus usual care (secondary outcomes: service use/cost ), Outcome 11 Cost of services (carers).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

References

References to studies included in this review

Bass ‐ Ohio {published and unpublished data}
    1. Bass DM, Clark PA, Looman WJ, McCarthy CA, Eckert S. The Cleveland Alzheimer's Managed Care Demonstration: Outcomes after 12 months of Implementation. The Gerontologist 2003;43(1):73‐85. - PubMed
    1. Clark PA, Bass DM, Looman WJ, McCarthy CA, Eckert S. Outcomes for patients with dementia from the Cleveland Alzheimer's Managed Care Demonstration. Aging and Mental Health 2004;8(1):40‐51. - PubMed
    1. Judge KS, Bass DM, Snow AL, Wilson NL, Morgan R, Looman WJ, et al. Partners in Dementia Care: a care coordination intervention for Iidividuals with dementia and their family caregivers. The Gerontologist 2011;51(2):261–72. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnq097] - DOI - PubMed
    1. McCarthy K. Further information on study [personal communication]. Email to Juanita Hoe May 20th 2011.
Callahan ‐ Indianapolis {published and unpublished data}
    1. Callahan C. Further information and data on the study [personal communication]. Email to Claudia Miranda 17the November 2010.
    1. Callahan C. Further information and data on the study [personal communication]. Email to Martin Orrell 18th July 2011.
    1. Callahan CM, Boustani MA, Unverzagt FW, Austrom MG, Damush TM, Perkins AJ, et al. Effectiveness of collaborative care for older adults with Alzheimer disease in primary care: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006;295(18):2148‐57. - PubMed
    1. Guerriero Austrom M, Damush TM, Hartwell CW, Perkins T, Unverzagt F, Boustani M, et al. Development and implementation of nonpharmacologic protocols for the management of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and their families in a multiracial primary care setting. The Gerontologist 2004;44(4):548‐53. - PubMed
Chien ‐ Hong Kong 2001 {published data only}
    1. Chien WT, Lee IYM. Randomized controlled trial of a dementia care programme for families of home‐resided older people with dementia. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2011;67(4):774‐87. - PubMed
    1. Chien, WT. Further information on study [personal communication]. Email to Siobhan Reilly 3rd June 2014.
Chien‐ Hong Kong 2008 {published data only}
    1. Chien WT, Lee YM. A disease management program for families of persons in Hong Kong with dementia. Psychiatric Services 2008;59(4):433‐6. - PubMed
    1. Chien, WT. Further information on study [personal communication]. Email to Siobhan Reilly 3rd June 2014.
Chu ‐ Canada {published and unpublished data}
    1. Chu P. Further information on study [personal communication]. Email to Siobhan Reilly 22nd June 2011.
    1. Chu P, Edwards J, Levin R, Thomson J. The use of clinical case management for early stage Alzheimer's patients and their families. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias 2000;15:284‐90.
    1. Joy E. Further information on study [personal communication]. Email to Siobhan Reilly 7th June 2011.
Dias ‐ Goa India {published and unpublished data}
    1. Dias A. Further information on study [personal communication]. Email to Juanita Hoe 17th May 2011.
    1. Dias A, Dewey ME, D'Souza J, Dhume R, Motghare DD, Shaji KS, et al. The effectiveness of a home care program for supporting caregivers of persons with dementia in developing countries: A randomised controlled trial from Goa, India. PLoS ONE 2008;3(6):e2333. [NCT00479271] - PMC - PubMed
Eloniemi‐Sulkava 2001 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Eloniemi‐Sulkava U. Further information and data on the study [personal communication]. email sent to Martin Orrell 8th August 2011.
    1. Eloniemi‐Sulkava U, Notkola IL, Hentinen M, Kivela SL, Sivenius J, Sulkava R. Effects of supporting community‐living demented patients and their caregivers: a randomized trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(10):1282‐7. - PubMed
Eloniemi‐Sulkava 2009 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Eloniemi‐Sulkava U, Saarenheimo M, Laakkonen ML, Pietilä M, Savikko N, Kautiainen H, et al. Family care as collaboration: effectiveness of a multicomponent support program for elderly couples with dementia: randomised controlled intervention study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2009;57(12):2200–8. - PubMed
    1. Pitkälä K. Further information on study [personal communication]. Email to Claudia Miranda 20th May 2011.
Hinchliffe ‐ UK {published data only}
    1. Hinchliffe AC. Management of the Behavioural Symptoms of Dementia and the Effect on Carers. MD Thesis. University of London 2002.
    1. Hinchliffe AC, Hyman IL, Blizard B, Livingston G. Behavioural Complications of Dementia: Can they be treated?. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1995;10(10):839‐47.
Jansen ‐ Netherlands {published and unpublished data}
    1. Jansen A. Further information on study and data [personal communication]. Emails to Claudia Miranda 16th November 2010; 27th May 2011; August 2011.
    1. Jansen APD. Effectiveness of Case Management among Older Adults with Dementia Symptoms and their Informal Caregivers [PhDThesis]. Amsterdam: VU University, 2007.
    1. Jansen APD, Hout HPJ, Nijpels G, Rijmen F, Dröes RM, Pot AM, et al. Effectiveness of case management among older adults with early symptoms of dementia and their primary informal caregivers: A randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2011;48(8):933‐43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.02.004] - DOI - PubMed
Lam ‐ Hong Kong {published data only}
    1. Lam LC, Lee JS, Chung JC, Lau A, Woo J, Kwok TC. A randomized controlled trial to examine the effectiveness of case management model for community dwelling older persons with mild dementia in Hong Kong. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2011;25(4):395‐402. - PubMed
Newcomer ‐ US {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
    1. Arnsberger P, Fox P, Zhang X. Case manager‐defined roles in Medicare Alzheimer's Disease Demonstration: relationship to client and caregiver outcomes. Care Management Journals 1999;1(1):29‐37. - PubMed
    1. Fox P, Newcomer R, Yordi C, Arnsberger P. Lessons learned from the Medicare Alzheimer Disease Demonstration. Alzheimers Disease and Associated Disorders 2000;14(2):87‐93. - PubMed
    1. Gaugler J, Kane R, Kane R, Newcomer R. Early community‐based service utilization and its effects on institutionalization in dementia caregiving. The Gerontologist 2005;45(2):177‐85. - PubMed
    1. Miller R, Newcomer R, Fox P. Effects of the Medicare Alzheimer's Disease Demonstration on nursing home entry. Health Services Research 1999;34(3):691‐714. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Newcomer R, Miller R, Clay T, Fox P. Effects of the Medicare Alzheimer's disease demonstration on Medicare expenditures. Health Care Financing Review 1999;20(4):45‐65. - PMC - PubMed
Vickrey ‐ California {published and unpublished data}
    1. Chodash J, Berry E, Lee M, Connor K, DeMonte R, Ganiats T, et al. Effect of a dementia care management intervention on primary care provider knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of quality of care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006;54(2):311–7. - PubMed
    1. Connor KI, McNeese‐Smith DK, Vickrey BG, Servellen GM, Chang BL. Lee ML, et al. Determining care management activities associated with mastery and relationship strain for dementia caregivers. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(5):891‐7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2008.01643.x] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Duru OK, Ettner SL, Vassar SD, Chodosh J, Vickrey BG. Cost evaluation of a coordinated care management intervention for dementia.. The American Journal of Managed Care 2009;15(8):521‐8. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vickrey B. Further information on study [personal communication]. Email to Juanita Hoe 12th June 2011.
    1. Vickrey BG, Mittman BS, Connor KI, Pearson ML, Della Penna RD, Ganiats TG, et al. The effect of a disease management intervention on quality and outcomes of dementia care: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine 2006;145(10):713‐26. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Aliberti ‐ Las Vegas {published data only}
    1. Aliberti E, Basso C, Schramm E. A collaborative approach for the care management of geropsychiatric services. Professional Case Management 2011;16(2):62–8. - PubMed
Baldwin ‐ UK {published data only}
    1. Baldwin R, Pratt H, Goring H, Marriott A, Roberts C. Does a nurse‐led mental health liaison service for older people reduce psychiatry morbidity in acute general medical wards? A randomised controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2004;33(5):472‐8. - PubMed
Bellantonio ‐ Connecticut {published data only}
    1. Bellantonio S, Kenny A, Fortinsky H, Kleppinger A, Robison J, Gruman C, et al. Efficacy of a geriatrics team intervention for residents in dementia‐specific assisted lLiving facilities: effect on unanticipated transitions. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(3):523‐8. - PubMed
Callahan‐Indianapolis {published data only}
    1. Callahan CM, Boustani MA, Schmid AA, Austrom MG, Miller DK, Gao SJ, et al. Alzheimer's Disease Multiple Intervention Trial (Admit): study protocol for a randomized controlled clinical trial. Trials 2012;13(92):1. - PMC - PubMed
Engedal ‐ Oslo {published data only}
    1. Engeldal K. Day care for demented patients in general nursing homes. Effects on admissions to institutions and mental capacity. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 1989;7(3):161‐6. - PubMed
Fabris ‐ Italy {published data only}
    1. Fabris F, Molaschi M, Aimonino N, Ponzetto M, Maero B, Tibaldi V, et al. Home care for demented subjects: new models of care and home‐care allowance. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2004;Supplement 9(9):155‐62. - PubMed
    1. Tibaldi V, Aimonino N, Ponzetto M, Stasi MF, Amati D, Raspo S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of a home hospital intervention for frail elderly demented patients: behavioral disturbances and caregiver's stress. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2004;Supplement(9):431‐6. - PubMed
Farran ‐ US {published data only}
    1. Farran CJ, Gilley DW, McCann JJ, Bienias JL, Lindeman DA, Evans DA. Efficacy of behavioral interventions for dementia caregivers. Western Journal of Nursing Research 2007;29(8):944‐960. - PubMed
Gerdner ‐ US {published data only}
    1. Gerdner LA, Buckwalter KC, Reed D. Impact of a psychoeducational intervention on caregiver response to behavioral problems. Nursing Research 2002;51(6):363‐74. - PubMed
Gitlin ‐ US1 {published data only}
    1. Gitlin LN, Hauck WW, Dennis MP, Winter L. Maintenance of effects of the home environmental skill‐building program for family caregivers and individuals with Alzheimer's Disease and related disorders. Journal of Gerontology: Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences 2005;60(3):368‐74. - PubMed
Gitlin ‐ US2 {published data only}
    1. Gitlin LN, Winter L, Corcoran M, Dennis MP, Schinfeld S, Hauck WW. Effects of home environmental skill‐building program on the caregiver‐care recipient dyad: 6‐month outcomes from the Philadelphia REACH initiative. The Gerontologist 2003;43(4):532‐546. - PubMed
Gonyea ‐ US {published data only}
    1. Gonyea J, O'Connor M, Boyle P. Project CARE: A randomised controlled trial of a behavioural intervention group for Alzheimer's Disease Caregivers. The Gerontologist 2006;46(6):827‐832. - PubMed
Goodman ‐ US {published data only}
    1. Goodman C, Pynoos J. A model telephone intervention and support program for caregivers of Alzheimer's patients. The Gerontologist 1990;30(3):399‐404. - PubMed
Gormley ‐ UK {published data only}
    1. Gormley N, Lyons D, Howard R. Behavioural management of aggression in dementia: a randomized controlled trial. Age and Ageing 2001;30(2):141‐5. - PubMed
Graff ‐ The Netherlands {published data only}
    1. Graff M, Adang E, Vernooij Dassen M, Dekker J, Jönsson L, Thijssen M, et al. Community occupational therapy for older patients with dementia and their caregivers: cost effectiveness study. BMJ 2008;336(7636):134‐8. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39408.481898.BE] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Graff M, Vernooij Dassen M, Thijssen M, Dekker J, Hoefnagels W, Rikkert MG. Community based occupational therapy for patients with dementia and their caregivers: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2006;333(7580):1196. - PMC - PubMed
Gutterman ‐ US {published data only}
    1. Gutterman E, Markowitz J, Lewis B, Fillit H. Cost of Alzheimer's disease and related dementia in managed‐medicare. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1999;47(9):1065‐71. - PubMed
Hébert ‐ Canada {published data only}
    1. Hébert R, Leclerc G, Bravo G, Girouard D, Lefrançois R. Efficacy of a support group programme for caregivers of demented patients in the community: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 1994;18(1):1‐14. - PubMed
Hepburn ‐ US {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hepburn KW, Tornatore J, Center B, Ostwald SW. Dementia family caregiver training: affecting beliefs about caregiving and caregiver outcomes. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(4):450‐7. - PubMed
Kwak ‐ Georgia {published data only}
    1. Kwak J, Montgomery RJ, Kosloski K, Lang J. The impact of TCARE on service recommendation, use, and caregiver well‐being. The Gerontologist 2011;51(5):704‐13. - PMC - PubMed
Lu ‐ China {published data only}
    1. Lu SP, Zhang YH, Xu YN, Huang Q, Fu X, Xie YJ. Hospital‐community ‐family whole‐course nursing modes for patients with Alzheimer disease. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2005;9(28):70‐3.
Lukas ‐ Ulm {published data only}
    1. Lukas A, Kilian R, Hay B, Muche R, Arnim CAF, Otto M, et al. Maintenance of health and relief for caregivers of elderly with dementia by using "initial case management". experiences from the Lighthouse Project on Dementia, Ulm, ULTDEM‐study. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 2012;45(4):298‐309. - PubMed
Mittelman ‐ New York {published data only}
    1. Mittelman M, Haley W, Clay O, Roth D. Improving caregiver well‐being delays nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2006;67(9):1592‐9. - PubMed
    1. Mittelman M, Roth D, Clay O, Haley W. Preserving health of Alzheimer caregivers: impact of a spouse caregiver intervention. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2007;15(9):780‐9. - PubMed
    1. Mittelman M, Roth D, Haley W, Zarit H. Effects of a caregiver intervention on negative caregiver appraisals of behavior problems in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: results of a randomized trial. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, psychological sciences and social sciences 2004;59B(1):P27‐34. - PubMed
Montgomery ‐ US {published data only}
    1. Montgomery RJV, Borgatta EF. The effects of alternative support strategies on family caregiving. The Gerontologist 1989;29(4):457‐64. - PubMed
Mostardt ‐ Germany {published data only}
    1. Mostardt S, Matusiewicz D, Schröer W, Wasem J, Neumann A. Efficacy and cost effectiveness of case management in patients with dementia. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie 2012;45(7):642‐6. - PubMed
O'Connor ‐ Cambridge UK {published data only}
    1. O'Connor DW, Pollitt PA, Brook CP, Reiss BB, Roth M. Does early intervention reduce the number of elderly people with dementia admitted to institutions for long term care?. BMJ 1991;302(6781):871‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Onor ‐ Italy {published data only}
    1. Onor ML, Trevisiol M, Negro C, Signorini A, Saina M, Aguglia E. Impact of multimodal rehabilitative intervention on demented patients and their caregivers. Americal Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias 2007;22(4):261‐72. - PMC - PubMed
Schoenmakers‐Belgium {published data only}
    1. Schoenmakers B, Buntinx F, Delepeleire J. Supporting family carers of community‐dwelling elder with cognitive decline: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Family Medicine 2010;2010(Article ID 184152):1. [DOI: 10.1155/2010/184152] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Stenvall ‐ Sweden {published data only}
    1. Stenvall M, Berggren M, Lundström M, Gustafson Y, Olofsson B. A multidisciplinary intervention program improved the outcome after hip fracture for people with dementia‐‐subgroup analyses of a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2012;54(3):e284‐9. - PubMed
Valimaki ‐ Finland {published data only}
    1. Valimaki T, Vehvilainen‐Julkunen K, Pietila AM, Pirttila T. Coping abilities at home: Rehabilitation in mild Alzheimer's Disease. 14th Alzheimer European Conference, Prague, Czech Republic. 2004; Vol. May 20‐23:13‐18.
Van denDungen‐Netherlands {published data only}
    1. Dungen P, Moll van Charante EP, Marwijk HW, Horst HE, Ven PM, Hout HP. Case‐finding of dementia in general practice and effects of subsequent collaborative care; design of a cluster RCT. BMC Public Health 2012;12:609. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-609] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Vernooij‐DassenNetherland {published data only}
    1. Vernooij Dassen M, Felling A, Persoon J. Predictors of change and continuity in home care for dementia patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1997;12(6):671‐7. - PubMed
Weinberger ‐ US {published data only}
    1. Weinberger M, Gold DT, Divine GW, Cowper PA, Hodgson LG, Schreiner PJ, et al. Social service interventions for caregivers of patients with dementia: impact on health care utilization and expenditures. Journal of the American Geriatriatrics Society 1993;41(2):153–6. - PubMed
Wilcock ‐ UK {published data only}
    1. Wilcock G. Development and evaluation of guidelines for detection and management of cases of dementia in the community. National Research Register 1999:1‐2.
Wisniewski ‐ US {published data only}
    1. Wisniewski SR, Belle SH, Coon DW, Marcus SM, Ory MG, Burgio LD, et al. The Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health (REACH): Project design and baseline characteristics. Psychology and Aging 2003;18(3):375‐84. - PMC - PubMed
Wolfs ‐ The Netherlands {published data only}
    1. Wolfs C, Kessels A, Dirksen C, Severens J, Verhey F. Integrated multidisciplinary diagnostic approach for dementia care: randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2008;192(4):300–5. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Samus 2014 {published data only}
    1. Samus QM, Johnston D, Black BS, Hess E, Lyman C, Vavilikolanu A, et al. A multi‐dimensional home‐based care coordination intervention for elders with memory disorders: the maximizing independence at home (MIND) pilot randomized trial. American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry 2014;22(4):398‐414. - PMC - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

Iliffe ‐ UK {published data only}
    1. Iliffe S, Robinson L, Bond J, Chew‐Graham C, Katona C, Knapp M. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of Collaborative Care for people with Dementia in primary care (CARE‐DEM trial). ref 08/53/99. http://www.nets.nihr.ac.uk/projects/hta/085399 2011.

Additional references

Abrams 2005
    1. Abrams KR, Gillies CL, Lambert PC. Meta‐analysis of heterogeneously reported trials assessing change from baseline. Statistics in Medicine 2005 2005;24(24):3823‐44. - PubMed
Alexopoulos 1988
    1. Alexopoulos GS, Abrams RC, Young RC, Shamoian CA. Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Biological Psychiatry 1988;23(3):271‐84. - PubMed
Alzheimer’s Disease International 2009
    1. Alzheimer’s Disease International. World Alzheimer’s Report 2009. London: Alzheimer’s Disease International, 2009.
American Psychiatric Association 2000
    1. American Psychiatric Association. DSM‐IV‐TR Classification from Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC/London: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2000.
Applebaum 1990
    1. Applebaum R, Austin C. Long Term Care Case Management: Design and Evaluation. New York: Springer, 1990.
Australian Health Ministers Conference 2006
    1. Australian Health Ministers Conference. National framework for action on dementia: 2006 ‐ 2010. 152.91.25.226/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/D64BD892C6FDD167CA2572180007E717/$File/nfad.pdf. Sydney: NSW Department of Health, (accessed 16 December 2014).
Bass 2003
    1. Bass DM, Clark PA, Looman WJ, McCarthy CA, Eckert S. The Cleveland Alzheimer's Managed Care Demonstration: Outcomes after 12 months of Implementation. The Gerontologist 2003;43(1):73‐85. - PubMed
Brandt 1988
    1. Brandt J, Spencer M, Folstein M. The telephone interview for cognitive status. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioral Neurolology 1988;1:111‐7.
Brod 1999
    1. Brod J, Stewart AL, Sands L, Walton P. Conceptualization and measurement of quality of life in dementia: The dementia quality of life instrument (DQOL). The Gerontologist 1999;39(1):25‐35. - PubMed
Brodaty 2005
    1. Brodaty H, Thomson C, Thompson C, Fine M. Why caregivers of people with dementia and memory loss don't use services. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2005;20(6):537‐46. - PubMed
Burns 2003
    1. Burns A, Downs M, Kampers W. Current Dementia. London: Science Press, 2003.
Campbell 2000
    1. Campbell M, Fitzpatrick R, Haines A, Kinmonth AL, Sandercock P, Spiegelhalter D, Tyrer P. Framework for design and evaluation of complex interventions to improve health. BMJ 2000;321(7262):694‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Challis 1986
    1. Challis DJ, Davies BP. Case Management in Community Care. Aldershot: Gower Press, 1986.
Challis 1993
    1. Challis D. Alternatives to institutional care. In: Levy R, Howard R, Burns A editor(s). Treatment and Care in Old Age Psychiatry. Petersfield: Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd, 1993.
Challis 1995
    1. Challis D, Darton R, Johnson L, Stone M, Traske K. Care Management and Health Care of Older People: The Darlington Community Care Project. Ashgate, 1995.
Challis 2002
    1. Challis D, Abendorff R, Brown P, Chesterman J, Hughes J. Care management, dementia care and specialist mental health services: An evaluation. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2002;17(4):315‐25. - PubMed
Challis 2003
    1. Challis D. Achieving coordinated and integrated care among long term care services: the role of care management. In: Brodsky J, Habib J, Hirschfeld M editor(s). Key Policy Issues in Long Term Care. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.
Chang 1999
    1. Chang AM. Psychosocial Nursing Intervention to Promote Self‐Esteem and Functional Independence Following Stroke [PhD thesis]. Hong Kong SAR: Department of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999.
Chien 2005
    1. Chien WT. Family care for people with dementia. Signpost ‐ To Older People and Mental Health Matters 2005;10(1):27–32.
Chiu 1994
    1. Chiu HFK, Lee HC, Chung WS, Kwong PK. Reliability and validity of the Cantonese version of Mini‐Mental State Examination ‐ a preliminary study. Journal of Hong Kong College of Psychiatry 1994;4(Suppl 2):25‐8.
Chiu 1998
    1. Chiu HFK, Lam LCW, Chi I, Leung T, Li SW, Law WT, et al. Prevalence of dementia in Chinese elderly in Hong Kong. Neurology 1998;50(4):1002‐9. - PubMed
Chodash 2006
    1. Chodash J, Berry E, Lee M, Connor K, DeMonte R, Ganiats T, et al. Effect of a dementia care management intervention on primary care provider knowledge, attitudes, and perceptions of quality of care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2006;54(2):311–7. - PubMed
Chou 2002
    1. Chou KR, Jiann‐Chyun L, Chu H. The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Caregiver Burden Inventory. Nursing Research 2002;51(5):324‐31. - PubMed
Chu 2000
    1. Chu P, Edwards J, Levin R, Thomson J. The use of clinical case management for early stage Alzheimer' patients and their families. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias 2000;15(5):284‐90.
CONSORT 2010a
    1. Schulz KF, Altman DG, Moher D (CONSORT Group). CONSORT 2010 statement for reporting parallel group randomised trials. BMJ 2010;340:c332. - PMC - PubMed
CONSORT 2010b
    1. Moher D, Hopewell S, Schulz KF, Montori V, Gøtzsche PC, Devereaux PJ, et al (CONSORT Group). CONSORT 2010: Explanation and Elaboration: updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trial. BMJ 2010;340:c869. - PMC - PubMed
Cummings 1994
    1. Cummings L, Mega M, Gray K, Rosenberg‐Thompson S, Carsusi DA, Gornbein J. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology 1994;44(12):2308‐14. - PubMed
Cummings 1998
    1. Cummings JL. Neuropsychiatric Inventory update. Los Angeles: Reed Neurological Research Center, 1998.
Cummins 2005
    1. Cummins RA, Lau ALD. Personal Wellbeing Index ‐ Intellecual Disability (Chinese). Manual, 3rd edn, 2005. School of Psychology, Deakin University and Hong Kong: Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University: Melbourne,. www.deakin.edu.au/research/acqol/instruments/wellbeing‐index/pwi‐sc‐chin... (accessed 16th December 2014).
Deeks 2011
    1. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG (editors). Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for SystematicReviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org. The Cochrane Collaboration..
Department of Health 2008
    1. Department of Health. Transforming the Quality of Dementia Care: Consultation on a National Dementia Strategy. London: The Stationery Office, 2008.
Dieterich 2010
    1. Dieterich M, Irving CB, Park B, Marshall M. Intensive case management for severe mental illness. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007906.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Diwan 2001a
    1. Diwan S, Ivy C, Merino D, Brower T. Assessing need for intensive case management in long‐term care. The Gerontologist 2001;41(5):680‐6. - PubMed
Diwan 2001b
    1. Diwan S, Phillips V. Agitation and dementia‐related problem behaviours and case management in long‐term care. International Psychogeriatrics 2001;13(1):5‐21. - PubMed
Eagar 2007
    1. Eagar K, Owen A, Williams K, Westera A, Marosszeky N, England R, et al. Effective Caring: A Synthesis of the International Evidence on Carer Needs and Interventions. Sydney: Centre for Health Service Development, University of Wollongong, 2007.
Egger 1997
    1. Egger M, Davey‐Smith G, Schneider M, Minder CSO. Bias in meta‐analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;13(7109):629. - PMC - PubMed
EuroQol 1990
    1. Williams, A (The EuroQuol Group). EuroQol ‐ a new facility for the measurement of health‐related quality of life. Health Policy 1990;16(3):199‐208. [PUBMED: 10109801] - PubMed
Ferri 2005
    1. Ferri C, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, et al (Alzheimer's Disease International). Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet 2005;366(9503):2112‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Fillenbaum 1999
    1. Fillenbaum G, Chandra V, Ganguli M. Development of an activities of daily living scale to screen for dementia in an illiterate rural older population in India. Age and Ageing 1999;28(2):161‐8. - PubMed
Folstein 1975
    1. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHughPR. "Mini Mental State". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975;12(3):189‐98. - PubMed
Fratiglioni 2001
    1. Fratiglioni L, Rocca W. Epidemiology of dementia. In: Boller F, Grafman J editor(s). Handbook of Neuropsychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 2001.
French Ministry of Health 2008
    1. Ministry of Health. French National Plan for “Alzheimer and related diseases” 2008 – 2012. www.plan‐alzheimer.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/Plan_Alzheimer_2008‐2012_uk.pdf (accessed 16th December 2014).
Galasko 1997
    1. Galasko C, Bennett D, Sano M, Ernesto C, Thomas R, Grundman M, et al. An inventory to assess activities of daily living for clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease. The Alzheimer Disease Cooperative Study. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders 1997;11(suppl 2):S33‐9. - PubMed
Gaugler 2005
    1. Gaugler JE, Kane RL, Kane RA, Newcomer R. Early community‐based service utilization and its effects on institutionalization in dementia caregiving. The Gerontologist 2005;45(2):177‐85. - PubMed
Goldberg 1979
    1. Goldberg DP, Hillier VF. A scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire. Psychological Medicine 1979;9(1):139‐45. - PubMed
Goldberg 1997
    1. Goldberg DP, Gater R, Sartorius N, Ustun TB, Piccinelli M, Gureje O, Rutter C. The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care. Psychol Med 1997;27(2):191‐7. - PubMed
Guyatt 2008
    1. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck‐Ytter Y, Alonso‐Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ (Clinical research ed) 2008;336(7650):924‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Hesse 2014
    1. Hesse M, Vanderplasschen W, Rapp RC, Broekaert E, Fridell M. Case management for persons with substance use disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006265.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2003
    1. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta‐analyses. BMJ 2003;327(7414):557‐60. - PMC - PubMed
Higgins 2011
    1. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Intervention Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Hofman 1991
    1. Hofman A, Rocca WA, Brayne C, Breteler MM, Clarke M, Cooper B, et al. The prevalence of dementia in Europe: a collaborative study of 1980‐1990 findings. International Journal of Epidemiology 1991;20(3):736‐48. - PubMed
Hofmarcher 2007
    1. Hofmarcher M, Oxley H, Rusticelli E. Improved Health System Performance Through Better Care Coordination. www.oecd.org/els/health‐systems/39791610.pdf (2007) (accessed 16th December 2014). [DOI: 10.1787/246446201766] - DOI
Hughes 1982
    1. Hughes CP, Berg L, Danziger WL, Coben LA, Martin RL. A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982;140:556–5572. - PubMed
Hutt 2004
    1. Hutt R, Rosen R, McCauley J. Case managing Long‐term Conditions. What Impact Does it Have in the Treatment of Older People?. London: King's Fund, 2004.
Ikegami 2002
    1. Ikegami N, Campbell JC. Choices, policy logics and problems in the design of long‐term care systems. Social Policy Administration 2002;36(7):719‐34.
Joint commissioning panel for mental health 2012
    1. Joint commissioning panel for mental health. Guidance for Commissioners of Dementia Services: volume 2, Practical Mental Health Commissioning. www.jcpmh.info/wp‐content/uploads/jcpmh‐dementia‐guide.pdf (accessed 16th December 2014).
Judge 2011
    1. Judge KS, Bass DM, Snow AL, Wilson NL, Morgan R, Looman WJ, et al. Partners in Dementia Care: a care coordination intervention for Iidividuals with dementia and their family caregivers. The Gerontologist 2011;51(2):261–72. [DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnq097] - DOI - PubMed
Kaufer 1998
    1. Kaufer DI, Cummings JL, Christine D, Bray T, Castellon S, Masterman D, et al. Assessing the impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: the Neuropsychiatric Inventory Caregive Distress Scale. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 1998;46(2):210‐5. - PubMed
Kaufer 2000
    1. Kaufer DI, Cummings JL, Ketchl P, Smith V, MacMillan A, Shelley T, et.al. Validation of the NPI‐Q, a brief clinical form of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. Journal of Neuropsychiatry & Clinical NEurosciences, 2000;12:233‐239. - PubMed
Kemper 1987
    1. Kemper P, Applebaum R, Harrigan M. Community care demonstrations: what have we learned?. Health Care Financing Review 1987;8(4):87‐100. - PMC - PubMed
Kind 1996
    1. Kind P. The EuroQol instrument: an index of health related quality of life.. In: Spiker B editor(s). Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials.. Philadelphia: Lippincott‐Raven, 1996:191‐201.
Knapp 2014
    1. Knapp M, Comas‐Herrera A, Wittenberg R, Hu B, King D, Rehill A, et al. Scenarios of dementia care: What are the impacts on cost and quality of life?. London: Personal Social Services Research Unit, London School of Economics and Political Science, 2014.
Kohout 1993
    1. Kohout FJ, Berkman LF, Evans DA, Cornoni‐Huntley J. Two shorter versions of the CES‐D depression symptoms index. Journal of Aging and Health, 1993;5(2):179‐93. - PubMed
Kroenke 2001
    1. Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ‐9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2001;16(9):606‐13. - PMC - PubMed
Lau 2005
    1. Lau ALD, Cummins RA, McPherson W. An investigation into the cross cultural equivalence of the Personal Wellbeing Index. Social Indicators Research 2005;72(3):403‐30.
Lau 2006
    1. Lau ALD, Cummins RA, Lam PKW, et. al. A modified version of the Personal Wellbeing Index for measuring subjective wellbeing of people with cognitive impairment. 7th Conference of the International Society for Quality of Life Studies, Grahamstown, South Africa, July 2006.
Leung 1997
    1. Leung KF, Tay M, Cheng SSW, Lin F. The Hong Kong Chinese Version World Health Organization Quality of Life Measure ‐ Abbreviated Version, QHO1OL‐BREF (HK). Hong Kong: Hong Kong Hospital Authority, 1997.
Leung 2001
    1. Leung KF, Lam LC, Chiu HF, Cummings JL, Chen QL. Validation study of the Chinese version of the neuropsychiatric inventory (CNPI). International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2001;16(8):789‐93. - PubMed
Lin 2003
    1. Lin YC, Dai YT, Hwang SL. The effect of reminiscence on the elderly population: a systematic review. Public Health Nursing 2003;4:297–306. - PubMed
Livingston 2005
    1. Livingston G, Johnston K, Katona C, Paton J, Lyketsos CG, Old Age Task Force of the World Federation of Biological Psychiatry. Systematic review of psychological approaches to the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry 2005;162(11):1996‐2021. - PubMed
Lobo 2000
    1. Lobo A, Launer LJ, Fratiglioni L, Andersen K, Carlo A, Breteler MM, et al. Prevalence of dementia and major subtypes in Europe: A collaborative study of population‐based cohorts. Neurology 2000;54(11 Suppl 5):S4‐9. - PubMed
Luengo‐Fernandez 2010
    1. Luengo‐Fernandez R, Leal J, Gray A. Dementia 2010. The Prevalence, Economic Cost and Research Funding of Dementia Compared With Other Major Diseases. Cambridge, Alzheimer’s Research Trust: Health Economics Research Centre, University of Oxford for the Alzheimer’s Research Trust., 2010.
Mahoney 1965
    1. Mahoney FI, Barthel DW. Functional evaluation: the Barthel Index. Maryland State Medical Journal, 1965;14:61‐5. - PubMed
Marshall 1997
    1. Marshall M, Gray A, Lockwood A, Green R. Case management for people with severe mental disorders. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000050.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
McGrew 1994
    1. McGrew JH, Bond GR, Dietzen L, Salyers M. Measuring the fidelity of implementation of a mental health program model. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1994;62(4):670‐8. - PubMed
McHorney 1993
    1. McHorney CA, Ware JE Jr, Raczek AE. The MOS 36‐item Short‐Form Health Survey (SF‐36):II Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Medical Care 1993;31(3):247‐63. - PubMed
Moriarty 1999
    1. Moriarty JM. Use of community and long‐term care by people with dementia in the UK: a review of some issues in service provision and carer and user preferences. Aging and Mental Health 1999;3(4):311‐19.
Murman 2005
    1. Murman DL, Colenda CC. The economic impact of neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer’s disease: can drugs ease the burden?. Pharmacoeconomics 2005;23(3):227‐42. - PubMed
Nelson 2002
    1. Nelson T, Livingston G, Knapp M, Manela M, Kitchen G, Katona C. Slicing the health service cake: the Islington study. Age and Ageing 2002;31(6):445‐40. - PubMed
Neumann 2000
    1. Neumann PJ, Sandberg EA, Araki SS, Kuntz KM, Feeny D, Weinstein MC. A comparison of HU12 and HU13 utility scores in Alzheimer's disease. Medical Decision Making 2000;20(4):413‐22. [PUBMED: 11059474] - PubMed
NICE 2006
    1. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence and Social Care Institute for Excellence. Dementia: Supporting People with Dementia and Their Carers in Health and Social Care. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg42 (accessed 16th December 2014).
NICE 2013
    1. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Support for Commissioning Dementia Care. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cmg48 (accessed April 2013).
Parker 2008
    1. Parker D, Mills S, Abbey J. Effectiveness of interventions that assist caregivers to support people with dementia living in the community: a systematic review. International Journal of Evidence‐Based Healthcare 2008;6(2):137‐72. - PubMed
Pimouguet 2010
    1. Pimouguet C, Lavaud T, Dartigues JF, Helmer C. Dementia case management effectiveness on health care costs and resource utilization: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 2010;14(8):669‐76. - PubMed
Pot 1995
    1. Pot AM, Dyck R, Deeg DJ. Perceived stress caused by informal caregiving. Construction of a scale. Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie 1995;26(5):214‐9. - PubMed
Radloff 1977
    1. Radloff LS. The CES‐D scale: a self‐report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement 1977;1:385‐401.
Radloff 1986
    1. Radloff L, Teri L. Use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression Scale with older adults. In: Brink TL editor(s). Clinical Gerontology: A Guide to Assessment and Intervention,. Binghamton, NY: Haworth Press, 1986.
Reilly 2010
    1. Reilly S, Hughes J, Challis D. Nurse case management for long term conditions: a review of implementation. Ageing and Society 2010;30(1):125‐55.
Rentz 1995
    1. Rentz CA. Reminiscence: a supportive intervention for the person with Alzheimer’s Disease. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing 1995;33:15–20. - PubMed
Reuben 2006
    1. Reuben D. Meeting the needs of disabled older persons: can the fragments be pieced together?. Journals of Gerontology. Series A: Biological cciences and medical sciences 2006;61(4):365‐6. - PubMed
Royal Commission 1999
    1. Royal Commission on the Funding of Long Term Care. With Respect to Old Age: Long Term Care? Rights and responsibilities. London: The Stationery Office, 1999.
Sarason 1987
    1. Sarason IG, Sarason BR, Shearin EN, Pierce GR. A brief measure of social support: practical and theoretical implications. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 1987;4:497‐510.
Schoenmakers 2008
    1. Schoenmakers B, Buntinx F, Devroey D, Casteren V, DeLepeleire J. The process of definitive institutionalization of community dwelling demented vs non demented elderly: data obtained from a network of sentinel general practitioners. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2009;24(5):523‐31. [DOI: 10.1002/gps.2147] - DOI - PubMed
Shelton 2001
    1. Shelton P, Schraeder C, Dworak D, Fraser C, Sager M. Caregivers' utilization of health services: results from the Medicare Alzheimer's Disease Demonstration, Illinois site. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2001;49(12):1600‐5. - PubMed
Sherbourne 1991
    1. Sherbourne CD, Stewart AL. The MOS social support survey. Social Science and Medicine, 1991;32(6):705‐14. [PUBMED: 2035047] - PubMed
Somme 2012
    1. Somme D, Trouve H, Dramé M, Gagnon D, Couturier Y, Saint‐Jean O. Analysis of case management programs for patients with dementia: a systematic review. Alzheimers & Dementia 2012;8(5):426‐36. [DOI: ] - PubMed
Spijker 2008
    1. Spijker A, Vernooij‐Dassen M, Vasse E, Adang E, Wollersheim H, Grol R, et al. Effectiveness of non‐pharmacological interventions in delaying the institutionalization of patients with dementia: a meta‐analysis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(6):1116‐28. - PubMed
Sterne 2011
    1. Sterne JA, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta‐analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2011;343:d4002. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.d4002.] - DOI - PubMed
Stewart 1988
    1. Stewart AL, Hays RD, Ware JE Jr. The MOS short‐form general health survey. Reliability and validity in a patient population. Medical Care 1988;26(7):724‐35. - PubMed
Teri 1992
    1. Teri L, Truax P, Logsdon R, Uomoto J, Zarit S, Vitaliano PP. Assessment of behavioral problems in dementia: the revised memory and behavior problems checklist (RMBPC). Psychology and Aging 1992;7(4):622‐31. - PubMed
Thompson 2007
    1. Thompson CA, Spilsbury K, Hall J, Birks Y, Barnes C, Adamson, J. Systematic review of information and support interventions for caregivers of people with dementia. BMC Geriatrics 2007;7:18. - PMC - PubMed
Torrance 1996
    1. Torrance GW, Feeny DH, Furlong WJ, Barr RD, Zhang Y, Wang Q. Multiattribute utility function for a comprehensive health status classification system. Health Utilities Index Mark 2. Medical Care 1996;34(7):702‐22. - PubMed
Tsutsui 2007
    1. Tsutsui T, Muramatsu N. Japan's universal long‐term care system reform of 2005: containing costs and realising a vision. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(9):1458‐63. - PubMed
Ukoumunne 1999
    1. Ukoumunne OC, Gulliford MC, Chinn S, Sterne JAC, Burney PGJ. Methods for evaluating area‐wide and organisation‐based interventions in health and health care: a systematic review. Health Technology Assessment 1999;3(5):3‐92. - PubMed
Van Citters 2004
    1. Citters AD, Bartels S. A systematic review of the effectiveness of community‐based mental health outreach services for older adults. Psychiatric Services 2004;55(11):1237‐49. - PubMed
WHO 2012
    1. World Health Organization. Dementia: A public health priority. whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2012/9789241564458_eng.pdf 2012 (accessed 16th December 2014).
Wimo 2007
    1. Wimo A, Norlund A. Commentary on "Health economics and the value of therapy in Alzheimer's disease". Cost‐effectiveness studies. Alzheimers & Dementia 2007;3(3):157‐61. - PubMed
Yaffe 2002
    1. Yaffe K, Fox P, Newcomer R, Sands L, Lindquist K, Dane K, et al. Patient and caregiver characteristics and nursing home placement in patients with dementia. JAMA 2002;287(16):2090‐7. - PubMed
Yesavage 1983a
    1. Yesavage J, Brink T. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1983;17(1):34‐49. - PubMed
Yesavage 1983b
    1. Yesavage JT, Brink T, Rose TL, Aday MB. The Geriatric Depression Rating Scale: comparison with other self‐report and psychiatric rating scales. In: Crook T, Ferris S, Bartus R editor(s). Assessment in Geriatric Psychopharmacology. New Canaan, CT: Mark Powley and Associates, 1983:153‐167.
Zarit 1980
    1. Zarit SH, Reever KE, Bach‐Peterson J. Relatives of the impaired elderly: correlates of feelings of burden. The Gerontologist 1980;20(6):649‐55. - PubMed
Zarit 1983a
    1. Zarit S, Orr N, Zarit J. Working with Families of Dementia Victims: A Treatment Manual. Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Officer of Human Developmental Services, 1983.
Zarit 1983b
    1. Zarit SH, Zarit JM. Cognitive impairment. In: Lewinsohn PM, Teri L editor(s). Clinical Geropsychology. Elmsford, NY: Pergamon Press, 1983:38‐81.
Zarit 1986
    1. Zarit S, Todd P, Zarit J. Subjective burden of husbands and wives as caregivers: a longitudinal study. The Gerontologist, 1986;26(3):260‐6. - PubMed
Zarit 1987
    1. Zarit SH, Anthony CR, Boutselis M. Interventions with care givers of dementia patients: comparison of two approaches. Psychology and Aging, 1987;2(3):225‐32. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Reilly 2010
    1. Reilly S, Miranda‐Castillo C, Sandhu S, Hoe J, Challis D, Orrell M. Case/care management approaches to home support for people with dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue Art. No.: CD008345. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008345] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Publication types