Oxytocin increases VTA activation to infant and sexual stimuli in nulliparous and postpartum women

Abstract

After giving birth, women typically experience decreased sexual desire and increased responsiveness to infant stimuli. These postpartum changes may be viewed as a trade-off in reproductive interests, which could be due to alterations in brain activity including areas associated with reward. The goal of this study was to describe the roles of oxytocin and parity on reward area activation in response to reproductive stimuli, specifically infant and sexual images. Because they have been shown to be associated with reward, the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) were targeted as areas of expected alterations in activity. Oxytocin was chosen as a potential mediator of reproductive trade-offs because of its relationship to both mother-infant interactions, including breastfeeding and bonding, and sexual responses. We predicted that postpartum women would show higher reward area activation to infant stimuli and nulliparous women would show higher activation to sexual stimuli and that oxytocin would increase activation to infant stimuli in nulliparous women. To test this, we measured VTA and NAc activation using fMRI in response to infant photos, sexual photos, and neutral photos in 29 postpartum and 30 nulliparous women. Participants completed the Sexual Inhibition (SIS) and Sexual Excitation (SES) Scales and the Brief Index of Sexual Function for Women (BISF-W), which includes a sexual desire dimension, and received either oxytocin or placebo nasal spray before viewing crying and smiling infant and sexual images in an fMRI scanner. For both groups of women, intranasal oxytocin administration increased VTA activation to both crying infant and sexual images but not to smiling infant images. We found that postpartum women showed lower SES, higher SIS, and lower sexual desire compared to nulliparous women. Across parity groups, SES scores were correlated with VTA activation and subjective arousal ratings to sexual images. In postpartum women, sexual desire was positively correlated with VTA activation to sexual images and with SES. Our findings show that postpartum decreases in sexual desire may in part be mediated by VTA activation, and oxytocin increased activation of the VTA but not NAc in response to sexual and infant stimuli. Oxytocin may contribute to the altered reproductive priorities in postpartum women by increasing VTA activation to salient infant stimuli.

Keywords: Nucleus accumbens; Oxytocin; Postpartum; Reward; Sexual and infant stimuli; Ventral tegmental area.

Fig. 1

Sagittal (SAG), coronal (COR), and horizontal (TRA) slices on the anatomical image of a subject showing functionally-defined VTA ROI determined from main effect of negative > fixation, collapsed across parity cohorts and spray condition. The Talairach coordinates are (0 −20 −8) with 257 voxels in total.

Fig. 2

VTA BOLD signal change as a function of image category and nasal spray group. There were significant main effects of nasal spray for crying infant and sexual images such that women receiving OT versus placebo showed higher VTA activation to both image types. Error bars indicate ±SE.

Fig. 3

VTA BOLD signal change in response to sexual images in relation to sexual excitation score (SES). There was a significant positive relationship between VTA response and sexual excitation scores (N = 55, r = .29, p = .03).

Fig. 4

Sexual desire correlated with SES. In postpartum women, sexual desire scores were positively correlated with SES (n = 29, r = .47, p = .01).