Hybridization and invasion: an experimental test with diffuse knapweed (Centaurea diffusa Lam.)

Abstract

A number of studies have suggested a link between hybridization and invasion. In this study, we experimentally test the potential for hybridization to influence invasion through a greenhouse common garden study. Diffuse knapweed (DK) (Centaurea diffusa Lam.) was introduced to North America with admixture from spotted knapweed (SK) (Centaurea stoebe subsp. stoebe L.). Comparisons between North American DK (including hybrid phenotypes) and native (European) DK in a common garden did not reveal enhanced performance or increased phenotypic variance, suggesting that pre-introduction hybridization or, more generally, post-introduction evolutionary change has not significantly contributed to the invasion of DK. In contrast, early generation hybrids [artificially created Backcross 1 (BC1) plants] exhibited increased variance for eight of the examined traits, and greater leaf and reproductive shoot production when compared to North American DK. Individual BC1 lines differed for several traits, suggesting the importance of the cross for drawing conclusions from such comparisons. When compared to the parental species (DK and SK), the BC1 plants were not transgressive for any of the measured traits. Overall, these findings suggest that if diploid SK is introduced to North America, interspecific hybridization has the potential to result in even more aggressive invaders.

Keywords: Centaurea diffusa; Centaurea stoebe; common garden experiment; diffuse knapweed; interspecific hybridization; invasion; spotted knapweed.

Figure 1

North American sites for Centaurea diffusa + hybrids included in the common garden experiment.

Figure 2

European sites for Centaurea diffusa, C. diffusa + hybrids, and Centaurea stoebe subs. stoebe included in the common garden experiment.

Figure 3

A comparison of floral traits of North American diffuse knapweed (DK) + hybrids (dark gray bars), European DK + hybrids (light gray bars), and pure European DK (black bars). Different letters denote significantly different means (Tukey–Kramer P < 0.05). Values represent means ± 1 SE.

Figure 4

A comparison of leaf number through time of Backcross 1 (dark bars) versus North American diffuse knapweed (light bars). While all plants were assayed at 1 and 3 months, plants were individually counted when they started bolting. Values represent mean ± 1 SE. *P < 0.05; **P = 0.01.

Figure 5

Above-ground biomass of the competitor (western wheatgrass) grown with plants from the three hybrid lines [Backcross 1 (BC1)-A, BC1-B, and BC1-C] and the parental diffuse knapweed population used to generate the hybrid lines (Vantage, WA). Different letters denote significantly different means (Tukey–Kramer P < 0.05). Values represent means ± 1 SE.