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. 2014 Dec;74(12):1093-1098.
doi: 10.1055/s-0034-1383044.

Interdisciplinary S2k Guideline: Sonography in Urogynecology: Short Version - AWMF Registry Number: 015/055

R Tunn  1 , S Albrich  2 , K Beilecke  3 , J Kociszewski  4 , C Lindig-Knopke  3 , C Reisenauer  5 , N Schwertner-Tiepelmann  3 , A Kuhn  6 , V Viereck  7 , V Bjelic Radisic  8 , D Kölle  9 , W Umek  10 , W Bader  11 , O Schwandner  12 , R Lange  13
Affiliations

Interdisciplinary S2k Guideline: Sonography in Urogynecology: Short Version - AWMF Registry Number: 015/055

R Tunn et al. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2014 Dec.
No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest See Table 1

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Ultrasound of the urogenital system; imaging is done in accordance with the recommendations of DEGUM, IUGA and ICS. Cranial structures are shown in the upper part of the picture and caudal structures in the lower part. Ventral structures are shown on the right and dorsal ones on the left.
Fig. 2 a
Fig. 2 a
and b Methods used to locate the internal urethral orifice (MI) and the β angle (posterior urethrovesical angle). a Measurement of the location of the MI in a coordinate system. The coordinate system is created by drawing a line through the central symphyseal axis (x-axis) and a second line (y-axis) perpendicular to the x-axis to the lower edge of the symphysis. Dx is the horizontal distance between the cranioventral urethral exit of the bladder and the y-axis. b Measurement of the location of the MI is done based on distance and angle. The distance of the MI to the lower edge of the symphysis is measured, together with the angle created between this line and the central symphyseal axis (pubourethral angle). Both methods can be used to determine the posterior urethrovesical angle (β angle) by drawing one line along the plane of the bladder floor and a second line along the dorsal edge of the urethra.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Bladder neck (BN) height is measured with introital sonography: a horizontal line is drawn extending from the lower edge of the symphysis. The height of the BN is measured based on the distance of the BN to the horizontal line. It is important to ensure that the position of the ultrasound probe remains unchanged when measuring anatomical differences at rest, during straining and during contraction of the pelvic floor.
See this image and copyright information in PMC