Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2015 Jan 9;1(1):CD004376.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004376.pub3.

Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee

Marlene Fransen  1 , Sara McConnell, Alison R Harmer, Martin Van der Esch, Milena Simic, Kim L Bennell
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee

Marlene Fransen et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Update in

  • Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee.
    Lawford BJ, Hall M, Hinman RS, Van der Esch M, Harmer AR, Spiers L, Kimp A, Dell'Isola A, Bennell KL. Lawford BJ, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Dec 3;12(12):CD004376. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004376.pub4. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024. PMID: 39625083

Abstract

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a major public health issue because it causes chronic pain, reduces physical function and diminishes quality of life. Ageing of the population and increased global prevalence of obesity are anticipated to dramatically increase the prevalence of knee OA and its associated impairments. No cure for knee OA is known, but exercise therapy is among the dominant non-pharmacological interventions recommended by international guidelines.

Objectives: To determine whether land-based therapeutic exercise is beneficial for people with knee OA in terms of reduced joint pain or improved physical function and quality of life.

Search methods: Five electronic databases were searched, up until May 2013.

Selection criteria: All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) randomly assigning individuals and comparing groups treated with some form of land-based therapeutic exercise (as opposed to exercise conducted in the water) with a non-exercise group or a non-treatment control group.

Data collection and analysis: Three teams of two review authors independently extracted data, assessed risk of bias for each study and assessed the quality of the body of evidence for each outcome using the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. We conducted analyses on continuous outcomes (pain, physical function and quality of life) immediately after treatment and on dichotomous outcomes (proportion of study withdrawals) at the end of the study; we also conducted analyses on the sustained effects of exercise on pain and function (two to six months, and longer than six months).

Main results: In total, we extracted data from 54 studies. Overall, 19 (20%) studies reported adequate random sequence generation and allocation concealment and adequately accounted for incomplete outcome data; we considered these studies to have an overall low risk of bias. Studies were largely free from selection bias, but research results may be vulnerable to performance and detection bias, as only four of the RCTs reported blinding of participants to treatment allocation, and, although most RCTs reported blinded outcome assessment, pain, physical function and quality of life were participant self-reported.High-quality evidence from 44 trials (3537 participants) indicates that exercise reduced pain (standardised mean difference (SMD) -0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.39 to -0.59) immediately after treatment. Pain was estimated at 44 points on a 0 to 100-point scale (0 indicated no pain) in the control group; exercise reduced pain by an equivalent of 12 points (95% CI 10 to 15 points). Moderate-quality evidence from 44 trials (3913 participants) showed that exercise improved physical function (SMD -0.52, 95% CI -0.39 to -0.64) immediately after treatment. Physical function was estimated at 38 points on a 0 to 100-point scale (0 indicated no loss of physical function) in the control group; exercise improved physical function by an equivalent of 10 points (95% CI 8 to 13 points). High-quality evidence from 13 studies (1073 participants) revealed that exercise improved quality of life (SMD 0.28, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.40) immediately after treatment. Quality of life was estimated at 43 points on a 0 to 100-point scale (100 indicated best quality of life) in the control group; exercise improved quality of life by an equivalent of 4 points (95% CI 2 to 5 points).High-quality evidence from 45 studies (4607 participants) showed a comparable likelihood of withdrawal from exercise allocation (event rate 14%) compared with the control group (event rate 15%), and this difference was not significant: odds ratio (OR) 0.93 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.15). Eight studies reported adverse events, all of which were related to increased knee or low back pain attributed to the exercise intervention provided. No study reported a serious adverse event.In addition, 12 included studies provided two to six-month post-treatment sustainability data on 1468 participants for knee pain and on 1279 (10 studies) participants for physical function. These studies indicated sustainability of treatment effect for pain (SMD -0.24, 95% CI -0.35 to -0.14), with an equivalent reduction of 6 (3 to 9) points on 0 to 100-point scale, and of physical function (SMD -0.15 95% CI -0.26 to -0.04), with an equivalent improvement of 3 (1 to 5) points on 0 to 100-point scale.Marked variability was noted across included studies among participants recruited, symptom duration, exercise interventions assessed and important aspects of study methodology. Individually delivered programmes tended to result in greater reductions in pain and improvements in physical function, compared to class-based exercise programmes or home-based programmes; however between-study heterogeneity was marked within the individually provided treatment delivery subgroup.

Authors' conclusions: High-quality evidence indicates that land-based therapeutic exercise provides short-term benefit that is sustained for at least two to six months after cessation of formal treatment in terms of reduced knee pain, and moderate-quality evidence shows improvement in physical function among people with knee OA. The magnitude of the treatment effect would be considered moderate (immediate) to small (two to six months) but comparable with estimates reported for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Confidence intervals around demonstrated pooled results for pain reduction and improvement in physical function do not exclude a minimal clinically important treatment effect. Since the participants in most trials were aware of their treatment, this may have contributed to their improvement. Despite the lack of blinding we did not downgrade the quality of evidence for risk of performance or detection bias. This reflects our belief that further research in this area is unlikely to change the findings of our review.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None known.

Figures

1
1
Risk of bias summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
2
2
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Post treatment, outcome: 1.1 Pain.
3
3
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Post treatment, outcome: 1.2 Physical function.
4
4
Forest plot of comparison: 1 Post treatment, outcome: 1.3 Quality of life.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Post treatment, Outcome 1 Pain.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Post treatment, Outcome 2 Physical function.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Post treatment, Outcome 3 Quality of Life.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Post treatment, Outcome 4 Study withdrawals.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Treatment sustainability 2‐6 months, Outcome 1 Pain.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Treatment sustainability 2‐6 months, Outcome 2 Physical function.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 Treatment sustainability > 6 months, Outcome 1 Pain.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 Treatment sustainability > 6 months, Outcome 2 Physical function.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Treatment content, Outcome 1 Pain.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Treatment content, Outcome 2 Physical function.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment delivery mode, Outcome 1 Pain.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment delivery mode, Outcome 2 Physical Function.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Number of contact occasions, Outcome 1 Pain.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Number of contact occasions, Outcome 2 Physical function.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sensitivity Analyses, Outcome 1 Selection and attrition bias: pain.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sensitivity Analyses, Outcome 2 Selection and attrition bias: physical function.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sensitivity Analyses, Outcome 3 Detection bias: pain.
7.4
7.4. Analysis
Comparison 7 Sensitivity Analyses, Outcome 4 Detection bias: physical function.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Abbott 2013 {published data only}
    1. Abbott JH, Robertson MC, Chapple C, Pinto D, Wright AA, Leon de la Barras L, et al. Manual therapy, exercise therapy, or both, in addition to usual care for osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: a randomized controlled trial. I: Clinical effectiveness. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2013;21:525‐34. - PubMed
An 2008 {published data only}
    1. An B, Dai K, Zhu Z, Wang Y, Hao Y, Tang T, et al. Baduanjin alleviates the symptoms of knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2008;14(2):167‐74. - PubMed
Baker 2001 {published data only}
    1. Baker KR, Nelson ME, Felson DT, Layne JE, Sarno R, Roubenoff R. The efficacy of home based progressive strength training in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2001;28:1655‐65. - PubMed
Bautch 1997 {published data only}
    1. Bautch JC, Malone DG, Vailas AC. Effects of exercise on knee joints with osteoarthritis: a pilot study of biologic markers. Arthritis Care & Research 1997;10:48‐55. - PubMed
Bennell 2005 {published data only}
    1. Bennell KL, Himan RS, Metcalf BR, Buchbinder R, McConnell J, McColl G, et al. Efficacy of physiotherapy management of knee joint osteoarthritis: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2005;64:906‐12. - PMC - PubMed
Bennell 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bennell KL, Hunt MA, Wrigley TV, Hunter DJ, McManus FJ, Hodges PW, et al. Hip strengthening reduces symptoms but not knee load in people with medial knee osteoarthritis and varus malalignment: a randomised controlled trial. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010;18(5):621‐8. - PubMed
Bezalel 2010 {published data only}
    1. Bezalel T, Carmeli E, Katz‐Leurer M. The effect of a group education programme on pain and function through knowledge acquisition and home‐based exercise among patients with knee osteoarthritis: a parallel randomised single‐blind clinical trial. Physiotherapy 2010;96(2):137‐43. - PubMed
Brismée 2007 {published data only}
    1. Brismée J, Paige RL, Chyu M, Boatright JD, Hagar JM, McCaleb JA, et al. Group and home‐based Tai Chi in elderly subjects with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2007;21(2):99‐111. - PubMed
Bruce‐Brand 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bruce‐Brand RA, Walls RJ, Ong JC, Emerson BS, O'Byrne JM, Moyna NM. Effects of home‐based resistance training and neuromuscular electrical stimulation in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2012;13:118. - PMC - PubMed
Chang 2012 {published data only}
    1. Chang TF, Liou TH, Chen CH, Huang YC, Chang KH. Effects of elastic‐band exercise on lower‐extremity function among female patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Disability and Rehabilitation 2012;34(20):1727‐35. - PubMed
Deyle 2000 {published data only}
    1. Deyle GD, Henderson NE, Matekel RL, Ryder MG, Garber MB, Allison SC. Effectiveness of manual physical therapy and exercise in osteoarthritis of the knee. Annals of Internal Medicine 2000;132(3):173‐81. - PubMed
Doi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Doi T, Akai M, Fujino K, Iwaya T, Kurosawa H, Hayashi K, et al. Effect of home exercise of quadriceps on knee osteoarthritis compared with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2008;87(4):258‐69. - PubMed
Ettinger 1997a/b {published data only}
    1. Ettinger WH, Burns R, Messier SP, Applegate W, Rejeski WJ, Morgan T, et al. A randomized trial comparing aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with a health education program in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. The Fitness Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). JAMA 1997;277:25‐31. - PubMed
Foley 2003 {published data only}
    1. Foley A, Halbert J, Hewitt T, Crotty M, Halbert J, Hewitt T, et al. Does hydrotherapy improve strength and physical function in patients with osteoarthritis—a randomised controlled trial comparing a gym based and a hydrotherapy based strengthening program. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2003;62:1162‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Foroughi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Foroughi N, Smith RM, Lange AK, Baker MK, Fiatarone Singh MA, Vanwanseele B. Lower limb muscle strengthening does not change frontal plane moments in women with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Biomechanics 2011;26(2):167‐74. - PubMed
Fransen 2001 {published data only}
    1. Fransen M, Crosbie J, Edmonds J. Physical therapy is effective for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2001;28:156‐64. - PubMed
Fransen 2007 {published data only}
    1. Fransen M, Nairn L, Winstanley J, Lam P, Edmonds J. The Physical Activity for Osteoarthritis Management (PAFORM) study. A randomised controlled clinical trial evaluating hydrotherapy and Tai Chi classes. Arthritis Care & Research 2007;57:407‐14. - PubMed
Gur 2002 {published data only}
    1. Gur H, Cakin N, Akova B, Okay E, Kucukoglu S. Concentric versus combined concentric‐eccentric isokinetic training: effects on functional capacity and symptoms in patients with osteoarthrosis of the knee. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 2003;83:308‐16. - PubMed
Hay 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hay EM, Foster NE, Thomas E, Peat G, Phelan M, Yates HE, et al. Effectiveness of community physiotherapy and enhanced pharmacy review for knee pain in people aged over 55 presenting to primary care: pragmatic randomised trial. BMJ 2006;333:995. - PMC - PubMed
Hopman‐Rock 2000 {published data only}
    1. Hopman‐Rock M, Westhoff M. The effects of a health educational and exercise program for older adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Journal of Rheumatology 2000;27:1947‐54. - PubMed
Huang 2003 {published data only}
    1. Huang M‐H, Lin Y‐S, Yang R‐C, Lee C‐L. A comparison of various therapeutic exercises on the functional status of patients with knee osteoarthritis. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2003;32:398‐406. - PubMed
Huang 2005 {published data only}
    1. Huang M‐H, Yang R‐C, Lee C‐L, Chen T‐W, Wang M‐C. Preliminary results of integrated therapy for patients with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care & Research 2005;53:812‐20. - PubMed
Hughes 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hughes SL, Seymour RB, Campbell R, Pollak N, Huber G, Sharma L. Impact of the Fit and Strong intervention on older adults with osteoarthritis. The Gerontologist 2004;44:217‐28. - PubMed
Hurley 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hurley MV, Walsh NE, Mitchell HL, Pimm TJ, Patel A, Williamson E, et al. Clinical effectiveness of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self‐management, and active coping strategies for chronic knee pain: a cluster randomized trial. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2007;57(7):1211‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Jan 2008 {published data only}
    1. Jan M, Lin J, Liau J, Lin Y, Lin D. Investigation of clinical effects of high‐ and low‐resistance training for patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2008;88(4):427‐36. - PubMed
Jan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jan M, Lin C, Lin Y, Lin J, Lin D. Effects of weight‐bearing versus nonweight‐bearing exercise on function, walking speed, and position sense in participants with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2009;90(6):897‐904. - PubMed
Jenkinson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jenkinson CM, Doherty M, Avery AJ, Read A, Taylor MA, Sach TH, et al. Effects of dietary intervention and quadriceps strengthening exercises on pain and function in overweight people with knee pain: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2009;339:b3170. - PMC - PubMed
Kao 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kao MJ, Wu MP, Tsai MW, Chang WW, Wu SF. The effectiveness of a self‐management program on quality of life for knee osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics 2012;54(2):317‐24. - PubMed
Keefe 2004 {published data only}
    1. Keefe FJ, Blumenthal J, Baucom D, Affleck G, Waugh R, Caldwell DS, et al. Effects of spouse‐assisted coping skills training and exercise training in patients with osteoarthritic knee pain: a randomized controlled study. Pain 2004;110:539‐49. - PubMed
Kovar 1992 {published data only}
    1. Kovar PA, Allegrante JP, MacKenzie CR, Peterson MGE, Gutin B, Charlson ME. Supervised fitness walking in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992;116:529‐34. - PubMed
Lee 2009 {published data only}
    1. Lee H, Park H, Chae Y, Kim S, Kim J, Yin C. Tai Chi Qigong for the quality of life of patients with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot, randomized, waiting list controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2009;23(6):504‐11. - PubMed
Lim 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lim BW, Hinman RS, Wrigley TV, Sharma L, Bennell KL. Does knee malalignment mediate the effects of quadriceps strengthening on knee adduction moment, pain, and function in medial knee osteoarthritis? A randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Care & Research 2008;59(7):943‐51. - PubMed
Lin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Lin D, Lin CJ, Lin Y, Jan M. Efficacy of 2 non‐weight‐bearing interventions, proprioception training versus strength training, for patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2009;39(6):450‐7. - PubMed
Lund 2008 {published data only}
    1. Lund H, Weile U, Christensen R, Rostock B, Downey A, Bartels EM, et al. A randomized controlled trial of aquatic and land‐based exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 2008;40(2):137‐44. - PubMed
Maurer 1999 {published data only}
    1. Maurer BT, Stern AG, Kinossian B, Cook KD, Schumacher HR. Osteoarthritis of the knee: isokinetic quadriceps exercise versus an educational intervention. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1999;80:1293‐9. - PubMed
Messier 2004 {published data only}
    1. Messier SP, Loeser RF, Miller GD, Morgan TM, Rejeski WJ, Sevick MA, et al. Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;50:1501‐10. - PubMed
Mikesky 2006 {published data only}
    1. Mikesky AE, Mazzuca SA, Brandt KD, Perkins SM, Damush T, Lane KA. Effects of strength training on the incidence and progression of knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care & Research 2006;55:690‐9. - PubMed
Minor 1989 {published data only}
    1. Minor MA, Hewett JE, Webel RR, Anderson SK, Kay DR. Efficacy of physical conditioning exercise in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1989;32:1396‐405. - PubMed
O'Reilly 1999 {published data only}
    1. O'Reilly SC, Muir KR, Doherty M. Effectiveness of home exercise on pain and disability from osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomised controlled trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 1999;58:15‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Peloquin 1999 {published data only}
    1. Peloquin L, Bravo G, Gauthier P, Lacombe G, Billiard J‐S. Effects of a cross‐training exercise program in persons with osteoarthritis of the knee. A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 1999;5:126‐36. - PubMed
Quilty 2003 {published data only}
    1. Quilty B, Tucker M, Campbell R, Dieppe P. Physiotherapy, including quadriceps exercises and patellar taping, for knee osteoarthritis with predominant patello‐femoral joint involvement: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2003;30:1311‐7. - PubMed
Rogind 1998 {published data only}
    1. Rogind H, Bibow‐Nielsen B, Jensen B, Moller HC, Frimodt‐Moller H, Bliddal H. The effects of a physical training program on patients with osteoarthritis of the knees. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 1998;79:1421‐7. - PubMed
Salacinski 2012 {published data only}
    1. Salacinski AJ, Krohn K, Lewis SF, Holland ML, Ireland K, Marchetti G. The effects of group cycling on gait and pain‐related disability in individuals with mild‐to‐moderate knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2012;42(12):985‐95. - PubMed
Salli 2010 {published data only}
    1. Salli A, Sahin N, Baskent A, Ugurlu H. The effect of two exercise programs on various functional outcome measures in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Isokinetics & Exercise Science 2010;18(4):201‐9.
Schilke 1996 {published data only}
    1. Schilke JM, Johnson GO, Housh TJ, O'Dell JR. Effects of muscle‐strength training on the functional status of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joint. Nursing Research 1996;45:68‐72. - PubMed
Simao 2012 {published data only}
    1. Simao AP, Avelar NC, Tossige‐Gomes R, Neves CD, Mendonca VA, Miranda AS, et al. Functional performance and inflammatory cytokines after squat exercises and whole‐body vibration in elderly individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2012;93(10):1692‐700. - PubMed
Song 2003 {published data only}
    1. Song R, Lee E‐O, Lam P, Bae S‐C. Effects of Tai Chi exercise on pain, balance, muscle strength, and perceived difficulties in physical functioning in older women with osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2003;30:2039‐44. - PubMed
Talbot 2003 {published data only}
    1. Talbot LA, Gaines JM, Huynh TN, Metter EJ. A home‐based pedometer‐driven walking program to increase physical activity in older adults with osteoarthritis of the knee: a preliminary study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2003;51:387‐92. - PubMed
Thomas 2002 {published data only}
    1. Thomas KS, Muir KR, Doherty M, Jones AC, O'Reilly SC, Bassey EJ. Home based exercise programme for knee pain and knee osteoarthritis: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2002;325:752‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Thorstensson 2005 {published data only}
    1. Thorstensson CA, Roos EM, Petersson IF, Ekdahl C. Six‐week high‐intensity exercise program for middle‐aged patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2005;6:27. - PMC - PubMed
Topp 2002 {published data only}
    1. Topp R, Woolley S, Horuyak J, Khuder S, Kahaleh B. The effect of dynamic versus isometric resistance training on pain and functioning among adults with osteoarthritis of the knee. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 2002;83:1187‐95. - PubMed
van Baar 1998 {published data only}
    1. Baar ME, Dekker J, Oostendorp RAB, Bijl D, Voorn TB, Lemmens JAM, et al. The effectiveness of exercise therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 1998;25:2432‐9. - PubMed
Wang 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wang TJ, Lee SC, Liang SY, Tung HH, Wu SF, Lin YP. Comparing the efficacy of aquatic exercises and land‐based exercises for patients with knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Clinical Nursing 2011;20(17‐18):2609‐22. - PubMed
Yip 2007 {published data only}
    1. Yip YB, Wit JW, Fung KKY, Wong DYS, Chong SYC, Chung LH, et al. Impact of an arthritis self‐management programme with an added exercise component for osteoarthritic knee sufferers on improving pain, functional outcomes, and use of health care services: an experimental study. Patient Education Counseling 2007;65:113‐21. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Ageberg 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ageberg E, Link A, Roos EM. Feasibility of neuromuscular training in patients with severe hip or knee OA: the individualized goal‐based NEMEX‐TJR training program. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2010;11:126. - PMC - PubMed
Aglamis 2008 {published data only}
    1. Aglamis B, Toraman NF, Yaman H. The effect of a 12‐week supervised multicomponent exercise program on knee OA in Turkish women. Journal of Back & Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2008;21(2):121‐8.
Aglamis 2009 {published data only}
    1. Aglamis B, Toraman NF, Yaman H. Change of quality of life due to exercise training in knee osteoarthritis: SF‐36 and WOMAC. Journal of Back & Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2009;22(1):43‐8. - PubMed
Akyol 2010 {published data only}
    1. Akyol Y, Durmus D, Alayli G, Tander B, Bek Y, Canturk F, et al. Does short‐wave diathermy increase the effectiveness of isokinetic exercise on pain, function, knee muscle strength, quality of life, and depression in the patients with knee osteoarthritis? A randomized controlled clinical study. European Journal of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine 2010;46(3):325‐36. - PubMed
Alfredo 2012 {published data only}
    1. Alfredo PP, Bjordal JM, Dreyer SH, Ferreira, Zaguetti G, Ovanessian V, et al. Efficacy of low level laser therapy associated with exercises in knee osteoarthritis: a randomized double‐blind study. Clinical Rehabilitation 2012;26(6):523‐33. - PubMed
Anwer 2011 {published data only}
    1. Anwer S, Quddus N, Miraj M, Equebal A. Effectiveness of electromyographic biofeedback training on quadriceps muscle strength in osteoarthritis of knee. Hong Kong Physiotherapy Journal 2011;29(2):86‐93.
Aoki 2009 {published data only}
    1. Aoki O, Tsumura N, Kimura A, Okuyama S, Takikawa S, Hirata S. Home stretching exercise is effective for improving knee range of motion and gait in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Physical Therapy Science 2009;21(2):113‐9.
Atamaz 2006 {published data only}
    1. Atamaz F, Kirazli Y, Akkoc Y, Atamaz F, Kirazli Y, Akkoc Y. A comparison of two different intra‐articular hyaluronan drugs and physical therapy in the management of knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology International 2006;26:873‐8. - PubMed
Atamaz 2012 {published data only}
    1. Atamaz FC, Durmaz B, Baydar M, Demircioglu OY, Iyiyapici A, Kuran B, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, interferential currents, and shortwave diathermy in knee osteoarthritis: a double‐blind, randomized, controlled, multicenter study. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2012;93(5):748‐56. - PubMed
Boocock 2009 {published data only}
    1. Boocock M, McNair P, Cicuttini F, Stuart A, Sinclair T. The short‐term effects of running on the deformation of knee articular cartilage and its relationship to biomechanical loads at the knee. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2009;17(7):883‐90. - PubMed
Borjesson 1996 {published data only}
    1. Borjesson M, Robertson E, Weidenhielm L, Mattsson E, Olsson E. Physiotherapy in knee osteoarthrosis effect on pain and walking. Physiotherapy Research International 1996;1:89‐97. - PubMed
Brosseau 2012 {published data only}
    1. Brosseau L, Wells GA, Kenny GP, Reid R, Maetzel A, Tugwell P, et al. The implementation of a community‐based aerobic walking program for mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis (OA): a knowledge translation (KT) randomized controlled trial (RCT): Part I: The Uptake of the Ottawa Panel clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). BMC Public Health 2012;12:871. - PMC - PubMed
Bulthuis 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bulthuis Y, Drossaers‐Bakker KW, Taal E, Rasker J, Oostveen J, van't Pad Bosch P, et al. Arthritis patients show long‐term benefits from 3 weeks intensive exercise training directly following hospital discharge. Rheumatology 2007;46(11):1712‐7. - PubMed
Bulthuis 2008 {published data only}
    1. Bulthuis Y, Mohammad S, Braakman‐Jansen LMA, Drossaers‐Bakker KW, Laar MAFJ. Cost‐effectiveness of intensive exercise therapy directly following hospital discharge in patients with arthritis: results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2008;59(2):247‐54. - PubMed
Callaghan 1995 {published data only}
    1. Callaghan MJ, Oldham JA, Hunt J. An evaluation of exercise regimes for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a single‐blind randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 1995;9:213‐8.
Cetin 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cetin N, Aytar A, Atalay A, Akman MN. Comparing hot pack, short‐wave diathermy, ultrasound, and TENS on isokinetic strength, pain, and functional status of women with osteoarthritic knees: a single‐blind, randomized, controlled trial. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2008;87(6):443‐51. - PubMed
Chaipinyo 2009 {published data only}
    1. Chaipinyo K, Karoonsupcharoen O. No difference between home‐based strength training and home‐based balance training on pain in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomised trial. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy 2009;55(1):25‐30. - PubMed
Chamberlain 1982 {published data only}
    1. Chamberlain MA, Care G, Harfield B. Physiotherapy in osteoarthrosis of the knees. A controlled trial of hospital versus home exercises. International Rehabilitation Medicine 1982;4:101‐6. - PubMed
Cheing 2002 {published data only}
    1. Cheing GLY, Hui‐Chan CWY, Chan KM. Does four weeks of TENS and/or isometric exercise produce cumulative reduction of osteoarthritic knee pain?. Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;16:749‐60. - PubMed
Cheing 2004 {published data only}
    1. Cheing GLY, Hui‐Chan CWY. Would the addition of TENS to exercise training produce better physical performance outcomes in people with knee osteoarthritis than either intervention alone?. Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;18:487. - PubMed
Ciolac 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ciolac EG, Greve JMDA. Muscle strength and exercise intensity adaptation to resistance training in older women with knee osteoarthritis and total knee arthroplasty. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil) 2011;66(12):2079‐84. - PMC - PubMed
Coupe 2007 {published data only}
    1. Coupe VM, Veenhof C, Tulder MW, Dekker J, Bijlsma JW, Ende CH. The cost effectiveness of behavioural graded activity in patients with osteoarthritis of hip and/or knee. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2007;66(2):215‐21. - PMC - PubMed
Crotty 2009 {published data only}
    1. Crotty M, Prendergast J, Battersby MW, Rowett D, Graves SE, Leach G, et al. Self‐management and peer support among people with arthritis on a hospital joint replacement waiting list: a randomised controlled trial. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2009;17(11):1428‐33. - PubMed
Deyle 2005 {published data only}
    1. Deyle GD, Allison SC, Matekel RL, Ryder MG, Stang JM, Gohdes DD, et al. Physical therapy treatment effectiveness for osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized comparison of supervised clinical exercise and manual therapy procedures versus a home exercise program. Physical Therapy 2005;12:1301‐17. - PubMed
Dias 2003 {published data only}
    1. Dias RC, Ramos LR, Dias JM. Impact of an exercise and walking protocol on the quality of life of the elderly with osteoarthritis of the knee. Physiotherapy Research International 2003;8:121‐30. - PubMed
Diracoglu 2005 {published data only}
    1. Diracoglu D, Aydin R, Baskent A, Celik A, Diracoglu D, Aydin R, et al. Effects of kinesthesia and balance exercises in knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 2005;11:303‐10. - PubMed
Duman 2012 {published data only}
    1. Duman I, Taskaynatan MA, Mohur H, Tan AK. Assessment of the impact of proprioceptive exercises on balance and proprioception in patients with advanced knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology international 2012;32(12):3793‐8. - PubMed
Durmus 2007 {published data only}
    1. Durmus D, Alayli G, Canturk F. Effects of quadriceps electrical stimulation program on clinical parameters in the patients with knee osteoarthritis. Clinical Rheumatology 2007;26:674‐8. - PubMed
Durmus 2012 {published data only}
    1. Durmus D, Alayli G, Bayrak IK, Canturk F. Assessment of the effect of glucosamine sulfate and exercise on knee cartilage using magnetic resonance imaging in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of Back & Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2012;25(4):275‐84. - PubMed
Ebnezar 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ebnezar J, Nagarathna R, Yogitha B, Nagendra HR. Effects of an integrated approach of hatha yoga therapy on functional disability, pain, and flexibility in osteoarthritis of the knee joint: a randomized controlled study. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2012;18(5):463‐72. - PubMed
Ebnezar 2012a {published data only}
    1. Ebnezar J, Nagarathna R, Yogitha B, Nagendra HR. Effect of integrated yoga therapy on pain, morning stiffness and anxiety in osteoarthritis of the knee joint: a randomized control study. International Journal of Yoga 2012;5(1):28‐36. - PMC - PubMed
Evcik 2002 {published data only}
    1. Evcik D, Sonel B. Effectiveness of a home‐based exercise therapy and walking program on osteoarthritis of the knee. Rheumatology International 2002;22:103‐6. - PubMed
Evgeniadis 2008 {published data only}
    1. Evgeniadis G, Beneka A, Malliou P, Mavromoustakos S, Godolias G. Effects of pre‐ or postoperative therapeutic exercise on the quality of life, before and after total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. Journal of Back & Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 2008;21(3):161‐9.
Eyigor 2004 {published data only}
    1. Eyigor S, Hepguler S, Capaci K. A comparison of muscle training methods in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Clinical Rheumatology 2004;23:109‐15. - PubMed
Farr 2010 {published data only}
    1. Farr JN, Going SB, McKnight PE, Kasle S, Cussler EC, Cornett M. Progressive resistance training improves overall physical activity levels in patients with early osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2010;90(3):356‐66. - PMC - PubMed
Feinglass 2012 {published data only}
    1. Feinglass J, Song J, Semanik P, Lee J, Manheim L, Dunlop D, et al. Association of functional status with changes in physical activity: insights from a behavioral intervention for participants with arthritis. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2012;93(1):172‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Fitzgerald 2011 {published data only}
    1. Fitzgerald GK, Piva SR, Gil AB, Wisniewski SR, Oddis CV, Irrgang JJ. Agility and perturbation training techniques in exercise therapy for reducing pain and improving function in people with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Physical Therapy 2011;91(4):452‐69. - PMC - PubMed
Forestier 2010 {published data only}
    1. Forestier R, Desfour H, Tessier JM, Francon A, Foote AM, Genty C, et al. Spa therapy in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a large randomised multicentre trial. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2010;69(4):660‐5. - PMC - PubMed
Foroughi 2011a {published data only}
    1. Foroughi N, Smith RM, Lange AK, Singh MA, Vanwanseele B. Progressive resistance training and dynamic alignment in osteoarthritis: a single‐blind randomised controlled trial. Clinical Biomechanics (Bristol, Avon) 2011;26(1):71‐7. - PubMed
Foster 2007 {published data only}
    1. Foster NE, Thomas E, Barlas P, Hill JC, Young J, Mason E, et al. Acupuncture as an adjunct to exercise based physiotherapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2007;335(7617):436. - PMC - PubMed
Gaal 2008 {published data only}
    1. Gaal J, Varga J, Szekanecz Z, Kurko J, Ficzere A, Bodolay E, et al. Balneotherapy in elderly patients: effect on pain from degenerative knee and spine conditions and on quality of life. Israel Medical Association Journal 2008;10(5):365‐9. - PubMed
Gaudreault 2011 {published data only}
    1. Gaudreault N, Mezghani N, Turcot K, Hagemeister N, Boivin K, Guise JA. Effects of physiotherapy treatment on knee osteoarthritis gait data using principal component analysis. Clinical Biomechanics 2011;26(3):284‐91. - PubMed
Gill 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gill SD, McBurney H, Schulz DL. Land‐based versus pool‐based exercise for people awaiting joint replacement surgery of the hip or knee: results of a randomized controlled trial. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2009;90(3):388‐94. - PubMed
Green 1993 {published data only}
    1. Green J, McKenna F, Redfern EJ, Chamberlain MA. Home exercises are as effective as outpatient hydrotherapy for osteoarthritis of the hip. British Journal of Rheumatology 1993;32:812‐5. - PubMed
Gremion 2009 {published data only}
    1. Gremion G, Gaillard D, Leyvraz PF, Jolles BM. Effect of biomagnetic therapy versus physiotherapy for treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine (Stiftelsen Rehabiliteringsinformation) 2009;41(13):1090‐5. - PubMed
Haslam 2001 {published data only}
    1. Haslam R. A comparison of acupuncture with advice and exercises on the symptomatic treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip—a randomised controlled trial. Acupuncture Medicine 2001;19:19‐26. - PubMed
Helmark 2010 {published data only}
    1. Helmark IC, Mikkelsen UR, Borglum J, Rothe A, Petersen MC, Andersen O, et al. Exercise increases interleukin‐10 levels both intraarticularly and peri‐synovially in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2010;12(4):R126. - PMC - PubMed
Helmark 2012 {published data only}
    1. Helmark IC, Petersen MCH, Christensen HE, Kjaer M, Langberg H. Moderate loading of the human osteoarthritic knee joint leads to lowering of intraarticular cartilage oligomeric matrix protein. Rheumatology International 2012;32(4):1009‐14. - PubMed
Hinman 2007 {published data only}
    1. Hinman RS, Heywood SE, Day AR. Aquatic physical therapy for hip and knee osteoarthritis: results of a single‐blind randomized controlled trial. Physical Therapy 2007;87:32‐43. - PubMed
Hiyama 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hiyama Y, Yamada M, Kitagawa A, Tei N, Okada S. A four‐week walking exercise programme in patients with knee osteoarthritis improves the ability of dual‐task performance: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2012;26(5):403‐12. - PubMed
Hoeksma 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hoeksma HL, Dekker J, Ronday HK, Heering A, Lubbe N, Vel C, et al. Comparison of manual therapy and exercise therapy in osteoarthritis of the hip: a randomized clinical trial. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2004;51:722‐9. - PubMed
Huang 2005b {published data only}
    1. Huang M‐H, Lin Y‐H, Lee C‐L, Yang R‐C. Use of ultrasound to increase effectiveness of isokinetic exercise for knee osteoarthritis. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation 2005;86:1545‐51. - PubMed
Hughes 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hughes SL, Seymour RB, Campbell RT, Desai P, Huber G, Chang HJ. Fit and Strong!: bolstering maintenance of physical activity among older adults with lower‐extremity osteoarthritis. American Journal of Health Behavior 2010;34(6):750‐63. - PMC - PubMed
Hurley 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hurley MV, Scott DL. Improvements in quadriceps sensorimotor function and disability of patients with knee osteoarthritis following a clinically practicable exercise regime. British Journal of Rheumatology 1998;37:1181‐7. - PubMed
Hurley 2007a {published data only}
    1. Hurley MV, Walsh NE, Mitchell HL, Pimm TJ, Williamson E, Jones RH, et al. Economic evaluation of a rehabilitation program integrating exercise, self‐management, and active coping strategies for chronic knee pain. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2007;57(7):1220‐9. - PMC - PubMed
Hurley 2012 {published data only}
    1. Hurley MV, Walsh NE, Mitchell H, Nicholas J, Patel A. Long‐term outcomes and costs of an integrated rehabilitation program for chronic knee pain: a pragmatic, cluster randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Care & Research 2012;64(2):238‐47. - PubMed
Jan 1991 {published data only}
    1. Jan M‐H, Lai J‐S. The effects of physiotherapy on osteoarthritic knees of females. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association 1991;90:1008‐13. - PubMed
Jan 2008a {published data only}
    1. Jan M, Tang P, Lin J, Teng S, Lin Y, Lin D. Efficacy of a target‐matching foot‐stepping exercise on proprioception and function in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 2008;38(1):19‐25. - PubMed
Jessep 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jessep SA, Walsh NE, Ratcliffe J, Hurley MV. Long‐term clinical benefits and costs of an integrated rehabilitation programme compared with outpatient physiotherapy for chronic knee pain. Physiotherapy 2009;95(2):94‐102. - PubMed
Karagulle 2007 {published data only}
    1. Karagulle M, Karagulle MZ, Karagulle O, Donmez A, Turan M. A 10‐day course of SPA therapy is beneficial for people with severe knee osteoarthritis. A 24‐week randomised, controlled pilot study. Clinical Rheumatology 2007;26(12):2063‐71. - PubMed
Kawasaki 2008 {published data only}
    1. Kawasaki T, Kurosawa H, Ikeda H, Kim SG, Osawa A, Takazawa Y, et al. Additive effects of glucosamine or risedronate for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee combined with home exercise: a prospective randomized 18‐month trial. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2008;26(3):279‐87. - PubMed
Kawasaki 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kawasaki T, Kurosawa H, Ikeda H, Takazawa Y, Ishijima M, Kubota M, et al. Therapeutic home exercise versus intraarticular hyaluronate injection for osteoarthritis of the knee: 6‐month prospective randomized open‐labelled trial. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 2009;14(2):182‐91. - PubMed
King 2008 {published data only}
    1. King LK, Birmingham TB, Kean CO, Jones IC, Bryant DM, Giffin JR. Resistance training for medial compartment knee osteoarthritis and malalignment. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2008;40(8):1376‐84. - PubMed
Konishi 2009 {published data only}
    1. Konishi I, Tanabe N, Seki N, Suzuki H, Okamura T, Shinoda K, et al. Physiotherapy program through home visits for community‐dwelling elderly Japanese women with mild knee pain. Tohoku Journal of Experimental Medicine 2009;219(2):91‐9. - PubMed
Kreindler 1989 {published data only}
    1. Kreindler H, Lewis CB, Rush S, Schaefer K. Effects of three exercise protocols on strength of persons with osteoarthritis of the knee. Topics in Geriatriatric Rehabilitation 1989;4:32‐9.
Kuptniratsaikul 2002 {published data only}
    1. Kuptniratsaikul V, Orchatara T, Nilganuwong S, Visanu T. The efficacy of a muscle exercise program to improve functional performance of the knee in patients with osteoarthritis. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2002;85:33‐9. - PubMed
Lankhorst 1982 {published data only}
    1. Lankhorst GJ, Stadt RJ, Korst JK, Hinlopen‐Bonrath E, Griffioen FM, Boer W. Relationship of isometric knee extension torque and functional variables in osteoarthrosis of the knee. Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine 1982;14:7‐10. - PubMed
Lim 2002 {published data only}
    1. Lim BW. A comparative study of open and closed kinetic chain exercise regimes in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Physiotherapy Singapore 2002;5:34‐40.
Lim 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lim JY, Tchai E, Jang SN. Effectiveness of aquatic exercise for obese patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. PM&R 2010;2(8):723‐31; quiz 93. - PubMed
Lin 2004 {published data only}
    1. Lin SY, Davey RC, Cochrane T. Community rehabilitation for older adults with osteoarthritis of the lower limb: a controlled clinical trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2004;18:92‐101. - PubMed
Lin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Lin DH, Lin YF, Chai HM, Han YC, Jan MH. Comparison of proprioceptive functions between computerized proprioception facilitation exercise and closed kinetic chain exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Clinical Rheumatology 2007;26(4):520‐8. - PubMed
Liu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Liu Y, Guo L, Ma S. Treatment of 256 cases of osteoarthritis of knee joint with Guo Jianhua's four‐step therapy. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2008;28(2):114‐7. - PubMed
Mangione 1999 {published data only}
    1. Mangione KK, McCully K, Gloviak A, Lefebvre I, Hofmann M, Craik R. The effects of high‐intensity and low‐intensity cycle ergometry in older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Gerontology 1999;54A:M184‐90. - PubMed
Marra 2012 {published data only}
    1. Marra CA, Cibere J, Grubisic M, Grindrod KA, Gastonguay L, Thomas JM, et al. Pharmacist‐initiated intervention trial in osteoarthritis: a multidisciplinary intervention for knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care & Research 2012;64(12):1837‐45. - PubMed
Mascarin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mascarin NC, Vancini RL, Andrade ML, Magalhaes Ede P, Lira CA, Coimbra IB. Effects of kinesiotherapy, ultrasound and electrotherapy in management of bilateral knee osteoarthritis: prospective clinical trial. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2012;13:182. - PMC - PubMed
McCarthy 2004 {published data only}
    1. McCarthy CJ, Mills PM, Pullen R, Roberts C, Silman A, Oldham JA. Supplementing a home exercise programme with a class‐based exercise programme is more effective than home exercise alone in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology 2004;43:880‐6. - PubMed
McKnight 2010 {published data only}
    1. McKnight PE, Kasle S, Going S, Villanueva I, Cornett M, Farr J, et al. A comparison of strength training, self‐management, and the combination for early osteoarthritis of the knee. Arthritis Care & Research 2010;62(1):45‐53. - PMC - PubMed
McQuade 2011 {published data only}
    1. McQuade KJ, Oliveira AS. Effects of progressive resistance strength training on knee biomechanics during single leg step‐up in persons with mild knee osteoarthritis. Clinical Biomechanics 2011;26(7):741‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Messier 1997 {published data only}
    1. Messier SP, Thompson CD, Ettinger WH Jr. Effects of long‐term aerobic or weight training regimes on gait in an older, osteoarthritic population. Journal of Applied Biomechanics 1997;13:205‐25.
Messier 2000a {published data only}
    1. Messier SP, Loeser RF, Mitchell MN, Valle G, Morgan TP, Rejeski WJ, Ettinger WH. Exercise and weight loss in obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a preliminary study. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2000;48:1062‐72. - PubMed
Messier 2000b {published data only}
    1. Messier SP, .Royer TD, Craven TE, O'Toole ML, Burns R, Ettinger WH. Long‐term exercise and its effect on balance in older, osteoarthritis adults: results from the Fitness, Arthritis and Seniors Trial (FAST). Journal of the American Geriatric Society 2000;48:131‐8. - PubMed
Messier 2007 {published data only}
    1. Messier SP, Mihalko S, Loeser RF, Legault C, Jolla J, Pfruender J, et al. Glucosamine/chondroitin combined with exercise for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis: a preliminary study. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2007;15(11):1256‐66. - PubMed
Messier 2008 {published data only}
    1. Messier SP, Legault C, Lenz ME, Thonar EJ, Loeser RF. Effect of an exercise and dietary intervention on serum biomarkers in overweight and obese adults with osteoarthritis of the knee. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008;16(9):1047‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Miller 2012 {published data only}
    1. Miller GD, Nicklas BJ, Davis CC, Legault C, Messier SP. Basal growth hormone concentration increased following a weight loss focused dietary intervention in older overweight and obese women. Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging 2012;16(2):169‐74. - PubMed
Moss 2007 {published data only}
    1. Moss P, Sluka K, Wright A. The initial effects of knee joint mobilization on osteoarthritic hyperalgesia. Manual Therapy 2007;12:109‐18. - PubMed
Murphy 2008 {published data only}
    1. Murphy SL, Strasburg DM, Lyden AK, Smith DM, Koliba JF, Dadabhoy DP, et al. Effects of activity strategy training on pain and physical activity in older adults with knee or hip osteoarthritis: a pilot study. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2008;59(10):1480‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Neves 2011 {published data only}
    1. Neves M, Gualano B, Roschel H, Fuller R, Benatti FB, Pinto ALDS, et al. Beneficial effect of creatine supplementation in knee osteoarthritis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2011;43(8):1538‐43. - PubMed
Ng 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ng NT, Heesch KC, Brown WJ. Efficacy of a progressive walking program and glucosamine sulphate supplementation on osteoarthritic symptoms of the hip and knee: a feasibility trial. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2010;12(1):R25. - PMC - PubMed
Nicklas 2004 {published data only}
    1. Nicklas BJ, Ambrosius W, Messier SP, Miller GD, Penninx BW, Loeser RF, et al. Diet‐induced weight loss, exercise, and chronic inflammation in older, obese adults: a randomized controlled clinical trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004;79:544‐51. - PubMed
Ozdincler 2005 {published data only}
    1. Ozdincler AR, Yeldan I, Kinali P. The effects of closed kinetic chain exercise on pain and functional performance of patients with knee osteoarthritis. The Pain Clinic 2005;1:107‐15.
Penninx 2001 {published data only}
    1. Penninx B, Messier SP, Rejeski WJ, Williamson JD, DiBari M, Cavazzini C, et al. Physical exercise and prevention of disability in activities of daily living in older persons with osteoarthritis. Archives of Internal Medicine 2001;19:2309‐16. - PubMed
Penninx 2002 {published data only}
    1. Penninx BW, Rejeski WJ, Pandya J, Miller ME, Bari M, Applegate WB, et al. Exercise and depressive symptoms: a comparison of aerobic and resistance exercise effects on emotional and physical function in older persons with high and low depressive symptomatology. Journal of Gerontology 2002;57B:P127‐32. - PubMed
Pereira, 2011 {published data only}
    1. Pereira Simão AP, Tossige‐Gomes R, Cunha N, Rocha‐Vieira E, Coimbra CC, et al. The effect of adding whole‐body vibration to squat training on the functional performance and self‐report of disease status in elderly patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized, controlled clinical study. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2011;17(12):1149‐55. - PubMed
Petersen 2010 {published data only}
    1. Petersen SG, Saxne T, Heinegard D, Hansen M, Holm L, Koskinen S, et al. Glucosamine but not ibuprofen alters cartilage turnover in osteoarthritis patients in response to physical training. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010;18(1):34‐40. - PubMed
Petersen 2011 {published data only}
    1. Petersen SG, Beyer N, Hansen M, Holm L, Aagaard P, Mackey AL, et al. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug or glucosamine reduced pain and improved muscle strength with resistance training in a randomized controlled trial of knee osteoarthritis patients. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2011;92(8):1185‐93. - PubMed
Peterson 1993 {published data only}
    1. Peterson MGE, Kovar‐Toledano PA, Otis JC, Allegrante JP, Mackenzie CR, Gutin B, Kross MA. Effect of a walking program on gait characteristics in patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care & Research 1993;6:11‐6. - PubMed
Petrella 2000 {published data only}
    1. Petrella RJ, Bartha C. Home based exercise therapy for older patients with knee osteoarthritis: a randomized clinical trial. Journal of Rheumatology 2000;27:2215‐21. - PubMed
Pietrosimone 2010 {published data only}
    1. Pietrosimone BG, Saliba SA, Hart JM, Hertel J, Kerrigan DC, Ingersoll CD. Effects of disinhibitory transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and therapeutic exercise on sagittal plane peak knee kinematics and kinetics in people with knee osteoarthritis during gait: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation 2010;24(12):1091‐101. - PubMed
Pietrosimone 2012 {published data only}
    1. Pietrosimone BG, Saliba SA. Changes in voluntary quadriceps activation predict changes in quadriceps strength after therapeutic exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Knee 2012;19(6):939‐43. - PubMed
Pisters 2010 {published data only}
    1. Pisters MF, Veenhof C, Bakker DH, Schellevis FG, Dekker J. Behavioural graded activity results in better exercise adherence and more physical activity than usual care in people with osteoarthritis: a cluster‐randomised trial. Journal of Physiotherapy 2010;56(1):41‐7. - PubMed
Pisters 2010a {published data only}
    1. Pisters MF, Veenhof C, Schellevis FG, Bakker DH, Dekker J. Long‐term effectiveness of exercise therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: a randomized controlled trial comparing two different physical therapy interventions. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010;18(8):1019‐26. - PubMed
Piva 2011 {published data only}
    1. Piva SR, Fitzgerald GK. Effects of impairment‐based exercise on performance of specific self‐reported functional tasks in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Physical Therapy 2011;91(12):1752‐65. - PMC - PubMed
Piyakhachornrot 2011 {published data only}
    1. Piyakhachornrot N, Aree‐Ue S, Putwatana P, Kawinwonggowit V. Impact of an integrated health education and exercise program in middle‐aged Thai adults with osteoarthritis of the knee. Orthopaedic Nursing 2011;30(2):134‐42. - PubMed
Quirk 1985 {published data only}
    1. Quirk AS, Newman RJ, Newman KJ. An evaluation of interferential therapy, shortwave diathermy and exercise in the treatment of osteoarthrosis of the knee. Physiotherapy 1985;71:55‐7.
Rattanachaiyanont 2008 {published data only}
    1. Rattanachaiyanont M, Kuptniratsaikul V. No additional benefit of shortwave diathermy over exercise program for knee osteoarthritis in peri‐/post‐menopausal women: an equivalence trial. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2008;16(7):823‐8. - PubMed
Ravaud 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ravaud P, Giraudeau B, Logeart I, Larguier JS, Rolland D, et al. Management of osteoarthritis with an unsupervised home based exercise programme and/or patient administered assessment tools. A cluster randomised controlled trial with a 2x2 factorial design. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2004;63:703‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Reid 2010 {published data only}
    1. Reid DA, McNair PJ. Effects of an acute hamstring stretch in people with and without osteoarthritis of the knee. Physiotherapy 2010;96(1):14‐21. - PubMed
Reid 2011 {published data only}
    1. Reid DA, McNair PJ. Effects of a six week lower limb stretching programme on range of motion, peak passive torque and stiffness in people and without osteoarthritis of the knee. New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy 2011;39(1):5‐12.
Rejeski 1998 {published data only}
    1. Rejeski WJ, Ettinger WH, Martin K, Morgan T. Treating disability in knee osteoarthritis with exercise therapy: a central role for self‐efficacy and pain. Arthritis Care & Research 1998;11:94‐101. - PubMed
Sayers 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sayers SP, Gibson K, Cook CR. Effect of high‐speed power training on muscle performance, function, and pain in older adults with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot investigation. Arthritis Care & Research 2012;64(1):46‐53. - PubMed
Schlenk 2011 {published data only}
    1. Schlenk EA, Lias JL, Sereika SM, Dunbar‐Jacob J, Kwoh CK. Improving physical activity and function in overweight and obese older adults with osteoarthritis of the knee: a feasibility study. Rehabilitation Nursing Journal 2011;36(1):32‐42. - PMC - PubMed
Scopaz 2009 {published data only}
    1. Scopaz KA, Piva SR, Gil AB, Woollard JD, Oddis CV, Fitzgerald GK. Effect of baseline quadriceps activation on changes in quadriceps strength after exercise therapy in subjects with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism: Arthritis Care & Research 2009;61(7):951‐7. - PMC - PubMed
Selfe 2008 {published data only}
    1. Selfe TK, Bourguignon C, Taylor AG. Effects of noninvasive interactive neurostimulation on symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, sham‐controlled pilot study. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2008;14(9):1075‐81. - PMC - PubMed
Sen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Sen A, Gocen Z, Unver B, Karatosun V, Gunal I. The frequency of visits by the physiotherapist of patients receiving home‐based exercise therapy for knee osteoarthritis. Knee 2004;11:151‐3. - PubMed
Sevick 2009 {published data only}
    1. Sevick MA, Miller GD, Loeser RF, Williamson JD, Messier SP. Cost‐effectiveness of exercise and diet in overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2009;41(6):1167‐74. - PubMed
Shakoor 2007 {published data only}
    1. Shakoor MA, Taslim MA, Hossain MS. Effects of activity modification on the patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 2007;33(2):55‐9. - PubMed
Shakoor 2010 {published data only}
    1. Shakoor MA, Rahman MS, Azad AK, Islam MS. Effects of isometric quadriceps muscle strengthening exercise on chronic osteoarthritis of the knee. Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 2010;36(1):20‐2. - PubMed
Shen 2008 {published data only}
    1. Shen CL, James CR, Chyu MC, Bixby WR, Brismée JM, Zumwalt MA, et al. Effects of Tai Chi on gait kinematics, physical function, and pain in elderly with knee osteoarthritis—a pilot study. American Journal of Chinese Medicine 2008;36(2):219‐32. - PubMed
Silva 2008 {published data only}
    1. Silva LE, Valim V, Pessanha AP, Oliveira LM, Myamoto S, Jones A, et al. Hydrotherapy versus conventional land‐based exercise for the management of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized clinical trial. Physical Therapy 2008;88(1):12‐21. - PubMed
Sled 2010 {published data only}
    1. Sled EA, Khoja L, Deluzio KJ, Olney SJ, Culham EG. Effect of a home program of hip abductor exercises on knee joint loading, strength, function, and pain in people with knee osteoarthritis: a clinical trial. Physical Therapy 2010;90(6):895‐904. - PubMed
Song 2010 {published data only}
    1. Song R, Roberts BL, Lee E, Lam P, Bae S. A randomized study of the effects of t'ai chi on muscle strength, bone mineral density, and fear of falling in women with osteoarthritis. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine 2010;16(3):227‐33. - PMC - PubMed
Soni 2012 {published data only}
    1. Soni A, Joshi A, Mudge N, Wyatt M, Williamson L. Supervised exercise plus acupuncture for moderate to severe knee osteoarthritis: a small randomised controlled trial. Acupuncture in Medicine 2012;30(3):176‐81. - PubMed
Stitik 2007 {published data only}
    1. Stitik TP, Blacksin MF, Stiskal DM, Kim JH, Foye PM, Schoenheer L, et al. Efficacy and safety of hyaluronan treatment in combination therapy with home exercise for knee osteoarthritis pain. Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabiltation 2007;88:135‐41. - PubMed
Stitik 2007a {published data only}
    1. Stitik TP, Blacksin MF, Stiskal DM, Kim JH, Foye PM, Schoenherr L, et al. Efficacy and safety of hyaluronan treatment in combination therapy with home exercise for knee osteoarthritis pain. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2007;88(2):135‐41. - PubMed
Sullivan 1998 {published data only}
    1. Sullivan T, Allegrante JP, Peterson MG, Kovar PA, MacKenzie CR. One‐year followup of patients with osteoarthritis of the knee who participated in a program of supervised fitness walking and supportive patient education. Arthritis Care & Research 1998;11:228‐33. - PubMed
Swank 2011 {published data only}
    1. Swank AM, Kachelman JB, Bibeau W, Quesada PM, Nyland J, Malkani A, et al. Prehabilitation before total knee arthroplasty increases strength and function in older adults with severe osteoarthritis. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2011;25(2):318‐25. - PubMed
Sylvester 1989 {published data only}
    1. Sylvester KL. Investigation of the effect of hydrotherapy in the treatment of osteoarthritic hips. Clinical Rehabilitation 1989;4:223‐8.
Teixeira 2011 {published data only}
    1. Teixeira PE, Piva SR, Fitzgerald GK. Effects of impairment‐based exercise on performance of specific self‐reported functional tasks in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Physical Therapy 2011;91(12):1752‐65. - PMC - PubMed
Thiengwittayaporn 2009 {published data only}
    1. Thiengwittayaporn S, Wetpiryakul P, Foosakun Y, Ngamsom T, Vathanavit P, Pintongtun J. Comparison of the accuracy of quadriceps isometric exercise between using quadriceps education device (QED) and not using QED for osteoarthritic knee patients: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2009;92 Suppl 6:S33‐8. - PubMed
Toda 2001 {published data only}
    1. Toda Y. The effect of energy restriction, walking and exercise on lower extremity lean body mass in obese women with osteoarthritis of the knee. Journal of Orthopaedic Science 2001;6:148‐54. - PubMed
Tok 2011 {published data only}
    1. Tok F, Aydemir K, Peker F, Safaz I, Taskaynatan MA, Ozgul A. The effects of electrical stimulation combined with continuous passive motion versus isometric exercise on symptoms, functional capacity, quality of life and balance in knee osteoarthritis: randomized clinical trial. Rheumatology International 2011;31(2):177‐81. - PubMed
Topp 2009 {published data only}
    1. Topp R, Swank AM, Quesada PM, Nyland J, Malkani A. The effect of prehabilitation exercise on strength and functioning after total knee arthroplasty. PM&R 2009;1(8):729‐35. - PubMed
Tsauo 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tsauo J, Cheng P, Yang R. The effects of sensorimotor training on knee proprioception and function for patients with knee osteoarthritis: a preliminary report. Clinical Rehabilitation 2008;22(5):448‐57. - PubMed
Tunay 2010 {published data only}
    1. Tunay VB, Baltaci G, Atay AO. Hospital‐based versus home‐based proprioceptive and strengthening exercise programs in knee osteoarthritis. Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica 2010;44(4):270‐7. - PubMed
Tuzun 2004 {published data only}
    1. Tuzun EH, Aytar A, Eker L, Daskapan A. Effectiveness of two different physical therapy programmes in the treatment of knee osteoarthritis. Pain Clinic 2004;16:379‐87.
van Baar 2001 {published data only}
    1. Baar ME, Dekker J, Oostendorp RA, Bijl D, Voorn TB, Bijlsma JW. Effectiveness of exercise in patients with osteoarthritis of hip or knee: nine months' follow up. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 2001;60:1123‐30. - PMC - PubMed
Van Gool 2005 {published data only}
    1. Gool CH, Penninx BW, Kempen GI, Rejeski WJ, Miller GD, Eijk JT, et al. Effects of exercise adherence on physical function among overweight older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care & Research 2005;53:24‐32. - PubMed
Veenhof 2007 {published data only}
    1. Veenhof C, Dekker J, Köke AJA, Oostendorp RA, Bijlsma JWJ. Which patients with osteoarthritis of hip and/or knee benefit most from behavioral graded activity?. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2007;14(2):86‐91. - PubMed
Walls 2010 {published data only}
    1. Walls RJ, McHugh G, O'Gorman DJ, Moyna N, O'Byrne JM. Effects of preoperative neuromuscular electrical stimulation on quadriceps strength and functional recovery in total knee arthroplasty. A pilot study. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2010;11:119. - PMC - PubMed
Wang 2006 {published data only}
    1. Wang T‐J, Belza B, Thompson FE, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2006;57:141‐52. - PubMed
Wang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Wang T, Belza B, Elaine Thompson F, Whitney JD, Bennett K. Effects of aquatic exercise on flexibility, strength and aerobic fitness in adults with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2007;57(2):141‐52. - PubMed
Wang 2007a {published data only}
    1. Wang X, Miller GD, Messier SP, Nicklas BJ. Knee strength maintained despite loss of lean body mass during weight loss in older obese adults with knee osteoarthritis. Journals of Gerontology Series A‐Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences 2007;62(8):866‐71. - PubMed
Wang 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wang C, Schmid CH, Hibberd PL, Kalish R, Roubenoff R, Rones R, et al. Tai Chi is effective in treating knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Arthritis & Rheumatism 2009;61(11):1545‐53. - PMC - PubMed
Weng 2009 {published data only}
    1. Weng MC, Lee CL, Chen CH, Hsu JJ, Lee WD, Huang MH, et al. Effects of different stretching techniques on the outcomes of isokinetic exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis. The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences 2009;25(6):306‐15. - PMC - PubMed
Whitehurst 2011 {published data only}
    1. Whitehurst DG, Bryan S, Hay EM, Thomas E, Young J, Foster NE. Cost‐effectiveness of acupuncture care as an adjunct to exercise‐based physical therapy for osteoarthritis of the knee. Physical Therapy 2011;91(5):630‐41. - PubMed
Williamson 2007 {published data only}
    1. Williamson L, Wyatt MR, Yein K, Melton JT. Severe knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial of acupuncture, physiotherapy (supervised exercise) and standard management for patients awaiting knee replacement. Rheumatology 2007;46:1445‐9. - PubMed
Williamson 2007a {published data only}
    1. Williamson L, Wyatt MR, Yein K, Melton JT. Severe knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial of acupuncture, physiotherapy (supervised exercise) and standard management for patients awaiting knee replacement. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2007;46(9):1445‐9. - PubMed
Wyatt 2001 {published data only}
    1. Wyatt FB, Milam S, Manske RC, Deere R. The effects of aquatic and traditional exercise programs on persons with knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Strengthening Research 2001;15:337‐40. - PubMed
Yilmaz 2010 {published data only}
    1. Yilmaz OO, Senocak O, Sahin E, Baydar M, Gulbahar S, Bircan C, et al. Efficacy of EMG‐biofeedback in knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatology International 2010;30(7):887‐92. - PubMed
Yip 2007a {published data only}
    1. Yip YB, Sit JW, Fung KK, Wong DY, Chong SY, Chung LH, et al. Effects of a self‐management arthritis programme with an added exercise component for osteoarthritic knee: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 2007;59(1):20‐8. - PubMed
Yip 2008 {published data only}
    1. Yip Y, Sit JW, Wong DYS, Chong SYC, Chung L. A 1‐year follow‐up of an experimental study of a self‐management arthritis programme with an added exercise component of clients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Psychology, Health & Medicine 2008;13(4):402‐14. - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

Carlos 2012 {published data only}
    1. Carlos KP, Belli BdS, Alfredo PP. Effect of pulsed ultrasound and continuous ultrasound linked to exercise in patients with knee osteoarthritis: pilot study [Portuguese]. Fisioterapia e Pesquisa 2012;19(3):275‐81.
Eungpinichpong 1997 {published data only}
    1. Eungpinichpong W. The efficacy of physical exercise programmes for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee as determined by clinical and gait parameters. New Zealand Journal of Physiotherapy 1998;26:5.
Ghroubi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ghroubi S, Elleuch H, Kaffel N, Echikh T, Abid M, Elleuch MH. [Contribution of exercise and diet in the management of knee osteoarthritis in the obese]. Annales de Readaptation et de Medecine Physique 2008;51(8):663‐70. - PubMed
Keogan 2007 {published data only}
    1. Keogan F, Gilsenan C, Hussey J, O'Connell P. Open or closed chain quadriceps exercises in treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee; which is more effective? A blinded randomised controlled trial. Physiotherapy Ireland 2007;28(1):47‐8.
Oida 2008 {published data only}
    1. Oida Y, Morozumi K, Nakamura N, Kitabatake Y, Shiozawa S, Sato S, et al. [Effectiveness of a community health service program using exercise intervention for elderly people with osteoarthritis of the knees: a randomized controlled trial]. Nippon Koshu Eisei Zasshi ‐ Japanese Journal of Public Health 2008;55(4):228‐37. - PubMed
Rosa 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rosa UH, Velasquez Tlapanco J, Lara Maya C, Villarreal Rios E, Martinez Gonzalez L, Vargas Daza ER, et al. [Comparison of the effectiveness of isokinetic vs isometric therapeutic exercise in patients with osteoarthritis of knee]. Reumatologia Clinica 2012;8(1):10‐4. - PubMed

Additional references

Altman 1991
    1. Altman RD. Criteria for the classification of clinical osteoarthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 1991;18 Suppl 27:10‐2. - PubMed
Bellamy 1997
    1. Bellamy N, Kirwan J, Boers M, Brooks P, Strand V, Tugwell P, et al. Recommendations for a core set of outcome measures for future phase III clinical trials in knee, hip and hand osteoarthritis. Consensus development at OMERACT III. Journal of Rheumatology 1997;24:799‐802. - PubMed
Bennell 2008
    1. Bennell KL, Hunt MA, Wrigley TV, Lim BW, Hinman RS. Role of muscle in the genesis and management of knee osteoarthritis. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America 2008;34:731‐54. - PubMed
Brazier 1999
    1. Brazier JE, Harper R, Munro J, Walters SJ, Snaith ML. Generic and condition‐specific outcome measures for people with osteoarthritis of the knee. Rheumatology 1999;38:870‐7. - PubMed
Buchner 1992
    1. Buchner DM, Beresford SA, Larson EB, LaCroix AZ, Wagner EH. Effects of physical activity on health status in older adults II: Intervention studies. Annual Review of Public Health 1992;13:469‐88. - PubMed
Busija 2010
    1. Busija L, Bridgett L, Williams S, Osborne R, Buchbinder R, March L, et al. Burden of musculoskeletal conditions: osteoarthritis. Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology 2010;24:757‐69. - PubMed
Cohen 1977
    1. Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences. New York: Academic, 1977.
Cooper 1995
    1. Cooper C. Occupational activity and the risk of osteoarthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22:10‐2. - PubMed
Davis 1991
    1. Davis MA, Ettinger WH, Neuhaus JM, Mallon KP. Knee osteoarthritis and physical functioning: evidence from the NHANES 1 epidemiologic followup study. Journal of Rheumatology 1991;18:591‐8. - PubMed
Deeks 2011
    1. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta‐analyses In: Higgins J, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.2: The Cochrane Collaboration. www.cochrane‐handbook.org. The Cochrane Collaboration, March 2011.
Dekker 2013
    1. Dekker J. Exercise and Physical Functioning in Osteoarthritis; Medical, Neuromuscular and Behavioral Perspectives. Berlin: Springer‐Verlag, 2013.
Felson 1995
    1. Felson DT. Weight and osteoarthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 1995;22:7‐9. - PubMed
Fiatarone 1993
    1. Fiatarone MA, Evans WJ. The etiology and reversibility of muscle dysfunction in the aged. Journal of Gerontology 1993;48:77‐83. - PubMed
Guccione 1994
    1. Guccione AA, Felson DT, Anderson JJ, Anthony JM, Zhang Y, Wilson PW, et al. The effects of specific medical conditions on the functional limitations of elders in the Framingham study. American Journal of Public Health 1994;84:351‐8. - PMC - PubMed
Hochberg 2008
    1. Hochberg MC. Mortality in osteoarthritis. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology 2008;26:S120‐4. - PubMed
Hochberg 2012
    1. Hochberg MC, Altman RD, April KT, Benkhalti M, Guyatt G, McGowan J, et al. American College of Rheumatology 2012 recommendations for the use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies in osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Arthritis Care & Research 2012;64:465‐74. - PubMed
Juni 2006
    1. Juni P, Reichenbach S, Dieppe P. Osteoarthritis: rational approach to treating the individual. Best Practice & Research in Clinical Rheumatology 2006;20:721‐40. - PubMed
Kujala 1995
    1. Kujala UM, Kettunen J, Paananen H, Aalto T, Battie MC, Impivaara O, et al. Knee osteoarthritis in former runners, soccer players, weight lifters, and shooters. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1995;38:539‐46. - PubMed
Liang 1990
    1. Liang MH, Fossel AH, Larson MG. Comparisons of five health status instruments for orthopedic evaluation. Medical Care 1990;28:632‐42. - PubMed
McAlindon 1999
    1. McAlindon TE, Wilson PW, Aliabadi P, Weissman B, Felson DT. Level of physical activity and the risk of radiographic and symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in the elderly: the Framingham Study. American Journal of Medicine 1999;106:151‐7. - PubMed
McAlindon 2014
    1. McAlindon TE, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, Arden NK, Berenbaum F, Bierma‐Zeinstra SM, et al. OARSI guidelines for the non‐surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2014;22:363‐88. - PubMed
Minor 1988
    1. Minor MA, Hewett JE, Webel RR, Dreisinger TE, Kay DR. Exercise tolerance and disease related measures in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Journal of Rheumatology 1988;15:905‐11. - PubMed
Monticone 2013
    1. Monticone M, Ferrante S, Salvaderi S, Motta L, Cerri C. Responsiveness and minimal important changes for the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome score in subjects undergoing rehabilitation after total knee arthroplasty. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 2013;92:864‐70. - PubMed
Nelson 2013
    1. Nelson AE, Allen KD, Golightly YM, Goode AP, Jordan JM. A systematic review of recommendations and guidelines for the management of osteoarthritis: The Chronic Osteoarthritis Management Initiative of the U.S. Bone and Joint Initiative. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2014;43:701‐12. - PubMed
Nielen 2012
    1. Nielen MM, Sijl AM, Peters MJ, Verheij RA, Schellevis FG, Nurmohamed MT. Cardiovascular disease prevalence in patients with inflammatory arthritis, diabetes mellitus and osteoarthritis: a cross‐sectional study in primary care. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2013;13:150. - PMC - PubMed
Philbin 1995
    1. Philbin EF, Groff GD, Ries MD, Miller TE. Cardiovascular fitness and health in patients with end‐stage osteoarthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatism 1995;38:799‐805. - PubMed
Rangger 1995
    1. Rangger C, Klestil T, Gloetzer W, Kemmler G, Benedetto KP. Osteoarthritis after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy. American Journal of Sports Medicine 1995;23:240‐4. - PubMed
Reichenbach 2007
    1. Reichenbach S, Sterchi R, Scherer M, Trelle S, Burgi E, Burgi U, et al. Meta‐analysis: chondroitin for osteoarthritis of the knee/hip. Annals of Internal Medicine 2007;146:580‐90. - PubMed
Schünemann 2011a
    1. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Higgins JPT, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Guyatt GH. Chapter 11: Presenting results and ‘Summary of findings' tables. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration. www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Schünemann 2011b
    1. Schünemann HJ, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Higgins JPT, Deeks JJ, Glasziou P, et al. Chapter 12: Interpreting results and drawing conclusions. In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors), Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
Scott 1993
    1. Scott WW, Lethbridge‐Cejku M, Reichle R, Wigley FM, Tobin JD, Hochberg MC. Reliability of grading scales for individual radiographic features of osteoarthritis of the knee. The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging Atlas of Knee Osteoarthritis. Investigative Radiology 1993;28:497‐501. - PubMed
Slemenda 1997
    1. Slemenda C, Brandt KD, Heilman DK, Mazzuca S, Braunstein EM, Katz BP, et al. Quadriceps weakness and osteoarthritis of the knee. Annals of Internal Medicine 1997;127:97‐104. - PubMed
Sterne 2011
    1. Sterne JAC, Egger M, Moher D. Chapter 10: Addressing reporting biases. In: Higgins J, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.2: The Cochrane Collaboration. www.cochrane‐handbook.org.
van Dijk 2006
    1. Dijk GM, Dekker J, Vennhof C, Ende CH. Course of functional status and pain in osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: a systematic review of the literature. Arthritis & Rheumatology 2006;55:779‐85. - PubMed
Zhang 1996
    1. Zhang Y, Glynn RJ, Felson D. Musculoskeletal disease research: should we analyze the joint or the person?. Journal of Rheumatology 1996;23:1130‐4. - PubMed
Zhang 2010
    1. Zhang W, Nuki G, Moskowitz RW, Abramson S, Altman RD, Arden NK, et al. OARSI recommendations for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis: Part III: changes in evidence following systematic cumulative update of research published through January. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2010;18(4):476‐99. - PubMed

References to other published versions of this review

Fransen 2002
    1. Fransen M, et al. Therapeutic exercise for people with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. A systematic review. Journal of Rheumatology 2002;29:1737‐45. - PubMed
Fransen 2008
    1. Fransen M, McConnell S. Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004376.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
Fransen 2009
    1. Fransen M, McConnell S. Land‐based exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Rheumatology 2009;36:1109‐17. - PubMed

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources