General practitioners recognizing alcohol dependence: a large cross-sectional study in 6 European countries

Jürgen Rehm¹, Allaman Allamani¹, Roberto Della Vedova¹, Zsuzsanna Elekes¹, Andrzej Jakubczyk¹, Inga Landsmane¹, Jakob Manthey², José Moreno-España¹, Lars Pieper¹, Charlotte Probst¹, Sigita Snikere¹, Pierluigi Struzzo¹, Fabio Voller¹, Hans-Ulrich Wittchen¹, Antoni Gual¹, Marcin Wojnar¹

Affiliations

¹ Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
² Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.). johann_jakob.manthey@mailbox.tu-dresden.de.

PMID: 25583889
PMCID: PMC4291262
DOI: 10.1370/afm.1742

General practitioners recognizing alcohol dependence: a large cross-sectional study in 6 European countries

Jürgen Rehm et al. Ann Fam Med. 2015 Jan-Feb.

. 2015 Jan-Feb;13(1):28-32.

doi: 10.1370/afm.1742.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.).
² Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Addiction Policy, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Faculty of Medicine, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada (J.R.); Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies (CELOS), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany (J.R., J.M., L.P., C.P., H-U.W.); Agenzia Regionale di Sanità Toscana, Villa la Quiete alle Montalve, Firenze, Italy (A.A., F.V.); Regional Centre for the Training in Primary Care (Ceformed), Monfalcone (GO), Italy (R.D.V., P.S.); Center for Study and Research in General Practice (CSeRMEG), Via Praga, 22, 20052 Monza (MI), Italy (R.D.V.); Corvinus University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary (Z.E.); Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland (A.J., M.W.); Riga Centre of Psychiatry and Addiction Medicine, Riga, Latvia (I.L.); Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E.); Addictions Unit, Psychiatry Department, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain (J.M-E., A.G.); Institute of Sociological Research, Riga, Latvia (S.S.); Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Red de Trastornos Adictivos (RTA -RETICS), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain (A.G.); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.W.). johann_jakob.manthey@mailbox.tu-dresden.de.

PMID: 25583889
PMCID: PMC4291262
DOI: 10.1370/afm.1742

Abstract

Purpose: Although alcohol dependence causes marked mortality and disease burden in Europe, the treatment rate is low. Primary care could play a key role in reducing alcohol-attributable harm by screening, brief interventions, and initiating or referral to treatment. This study investigates identification of alcohol dependence in European primary care settings.

Methods: Assessments from 13,003 general practitioners, and 9,098 interviews (8,476 joint number of interviewed patients with a physician's assessment) were collected in 6 European countries. Alcohol dependence, comorbidities, and health service utilization were assessed by the general practitioner and independently using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and other structured interviews. Weighted regression analyses were used to compare the impact of influencing variables on both types of diagnoses.

Results: The rate of patients being identified as alcohol dependent by the CIDI or a general practitioner was about equally high, but there was not a lot of overlap between cases identified. Alcohol-dependent patients identified by a physician were older, had higher rates of physicial comorbidity (liver disease, hypertension), and were socially more marginalized, whereas average consumption of alcohol and mental comorbidity were equally high in both groups.

Conclusion: General practitioners were able to identify alcohol dependence, but the cases they identified differed from cases identified using the CIDI. The role of the CIDI as the reference standard should be reexamined, as older alcohol-dependent patients with severe comorbidities seemed to be missed in this assessment.

Keywords: DSM-IV; alcohol dependence; alcoholism; general practitioner; primary healthcare; therapy.

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Figures

**Figure 1**
Venn diagram of alcohol dependence determined by a general practitioner's assessment or by the CIDI based on self-report. CIDI = Composite International Diagnostic Interview; *DSM-IV* = *Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders* (4th Edition); GP = general practitioner.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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General practitioners recognizing alcohol dependence: a large cross-sectional study in 6 European countries

Affiliations

General practitioners recognizing alcohol dependence: a large cross-sectional study in 6 European countries

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

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Full Text Sources

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Medical