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Review
. 2014 Sep 9;4(3):301-17.
doi: 10.3390/bios4030301. eCollection 2014 Sep.

Piezoelectric biosensors for organophosphate and carbamate pesticides: a review

Giovanna Marrazza  1
Affiliations
Review

Piezoelectric biosensors for organophosphate and carbamate pesticides: a review

Giovanna Marrazza. Biosensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Due to the great amount of pesticides currently being used, there is an increased interest for developing biosensors for their detection. Among all the physical transducers, piezoelectric systems have emerged as the most attractive due to their simplicity, low instrumentation costs, possibility for real-time and label-free detection and generally high sensitivity. This paper presents an overview of biosensors based on the quartz crystal microbalance, which have been reported in the literature for organophosphate and carbamate pesticide analysis.

Keywords: biosensor; carbamate; organophosphate; pesticide; piezoelectric.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Chemical structure of Organophosphates.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Chemical structure of Carbamates.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Schematic of a piezoelectric quartz crystal.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schematic electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) apparatus.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Scheme of the relation between action on sensor surface and resulting frequency versus time curve, showing an antibody–antigen reaction as an example.
Figure 6
Figure 6
(a) Adsorption immobilization scheme. (b) General route for covalent immobilization of bioreceptors.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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