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Meta-Analysis
. 2015 Jan 20;1(1):CD001843.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001843.pub5.

Conservative management for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence

Coral A Anderson  1 , Muhammad Imran Omar, Susan E Campbell, Kathleen F Hunter, June D Cody, Cathryn M A Glazener
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Conservative management for postprostatectomy urinary incontinence

Coral A Anderson et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Urinary incontinence is common after radical prostatectomy and can also occur in some circumstances after transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). Conservative management includes pelvic floor muscle training with or without biofeedback, electrical stimulation, extra-corporeal magnetic innervation (ExMI), compression devices (penile clamps), lifestyle changes, or a combination of methods.

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of conservative management for urinary incontinence up to 12 months after transurethral, suprapubic, laparoscopic, radical retropubic or perineal prostatectomy, including any single conservative therapy or any combination of conservative therapies.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Incontinence Group Specialised Register (5 February 2014), CENTRAL (2014, Issue 1), EMBASE (January 2010 to Week 3 2014), CINAHL (January 1982 to 18 January 2014), ClinicalTrials.gov and World Health Organization (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (both searched 29 January 2014), and the reference lists of relevant articles.

Selection criteria: Randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials evaluating conservative interventions for urinary continence in men after prostatectomy.

Data collection and analysis: Two or more review authors assessed the methodological quality of the trials and abstracted data. We tried to contact several authors of included studies to obtain extra information.

Main results: Fifty trials met the inclusion criteria, 45 in men after radical prostatectomy, four trials after TURP and one trial after either operation. The trials included 4717 men of whom 2736 had an active conservative intervention. There was considerable variation in the interventions, populations and outcome measures. Data were not available for many of the pre-stated outcomes. Men's symptoms improved over time irrespective of management.There was no evidence from eight trials that pelvic floor muscle training with or without biofeedback was better than control for men who had urinary incontinence up to 12 months after radical prostatectomy; the quality of the evidence was judged to be moderate (for example 57% with urinary incontinence in the intervention group versus 62% in the control group, risk ratio (RR) for incontinence after 12 months 0.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60 to 1.22). One large multi-centre trial of one-to-one therapy showed no difference in any urinary or quality of life outcome measures and had narrow CIs. It seems unlikely that men benefit from one-to-one PFMT therapy after TURP. Individual small trials provided data to suggest that electrical stimulation, external magnetic innervation, or combinations of treatments might be beneficial but the evidence was limited. Amongst trials of conservative treatment for all men after radical prostatectomy, aimed at both treatment and prevention, there was moderate evidence of an overall benefit from pelvic floor muscle training versus control management in terms of reduction of urinary incontinence (for example 10% with urinary incontinence after one year in the intervention groups versus 32% in the control groups, RR for urinary incontinence 0.32, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.51). However, this finding was not supported by other data from pad tests. The findings should be treated with caution because the risk of bias assessment showed methodological limitations. Men in one trial were more satisfied with one type of external compression device, which had the lowest urine loss, compared to two others or no treatment. The effect of other conservative interventions such as lifestyle changes remained undetermined as no trials involving these interventions were identified.

Authors' conclusions: The value of the various approaches to conservative management of postprostatectomy incontinence after radical prostatectomy remains uncertain. The evidence is conflicting and therefore rigorous, adequately powered randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which abide by the principles and recommendations of the CONSORT statement are still needed to obtain a definitive answer. The trials should be robustly designed to answer specific well constructed research questions and include outcomes which are important from the patient's perspective in decision making and are also relevant to the healthcare professionals. Long-term incontinence may be managed by an external penile clamp, but there are safety problems.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Coral A Anderson: none known

Muhammad Imran Omar: none known

Susan E Campbell: none known

Kathleen F Hunter has been a speaker at the Jewish General Hospital (Montreal, Canada) and is currently a local co‐investigator on a multi‐national drug trial funded by Astelles

June D Cody: none known

Cathryn MA Glazener was the Chief Investigator on one of the included trials, MAPS (Glazener RP 2011; Glazener TURP 2011)

Figures

1
1
PRISMA study flow diagram.
2
2
Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
3
3
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 Treatment of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 1 Number of incontinent men.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 Treatment of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 2 Number of incontinence episodes per day.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 Treatment of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 3 Number of men using pads.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 Treatment of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 4 Pad changes over 24 hours.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 Treatment of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 5 Urinary Incontinence Score (ICIQ‐SF).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 Treatment of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 6 Quality of life related to urinary incontinence.
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 Treatment of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 7 Adverse events.
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 Treatment of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 8 24 hour pad test (grams of urine lost).
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1 Treatment of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 9 1 hour pad test (grams of urine lost).
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 Treatment of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 10 Number of men not carrying out pelvic floor muscle contractions at 12 months.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 Treatment of UI after radical: electric or magnetic energy versus no treatment, Outcome 1 Number of incontinent men.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 Treatment of UI after radical: electric or magnetic energy versus no treatment, Outcome 2 Adverse effects.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 Treatment of UI after radical: electric or magnetic energy versus no treatment, Outcome 3 24 hour pad test (grams of urine lost).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 Treatment of UI after radical: electric or magnetic energy versus no treatment, Outcome 4 Urinary Incontinence Score (ICIQ‐short form UI score).
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 Treatment of UI after radical: electric or magnetic energy versus no treatment, Outcome 5 Urinary Incontinence Quality of Life Score (ICIQ‐short form).
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 Treatment of UI after radical: electric or magnetic energy versus no treatment, Outcome 6 Time until continent (months).
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 Treatment of UI after radical: combinations of treatments versus no treatment, Outcome 1 Number of incontinent men at < 3 months.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 Treatment of UI after radical: combinations of treatments versus no treatment, Outcome 2 Number of incontinent men within 3‐6 months.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 Treatment of UI after radical: combinations of treatments versus no treatment, Outcome 3 Number of incontinence episodes per day at > 3 months.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 Treatment of UI after radical: combinations of treatments versus no treatment, Outcome 4 Adverse effects.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 1 Number of incontinent men at < 3 months.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 2 Number of incontinent men within 3 to 6 months.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 3 Number of incontinent men within 6 to 12 months.
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 4 Number of incontinence episodes at < 3 months.
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 5 Quality of Life Score (severity of UI) within 3 to 6 months.
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 6 Quality of Life Score (I‐QoL) within 6‐12 months.
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 7 Quality of Life Score (ICI‐Q‐SF) within 6‐12 months.
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 8 Adverse events.
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 9 1 hour pad test (grams of urine lost): at < 3 months.
5.10
5.10. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 10 24 hour pad test (grams of urine lost): at < 3 months.
5.11
5.11. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 11 24 hour pad test (grams of urine lost): within 3 to 6 months.
5.12
5.12. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 12 24 hour pad test (grams of urine lost): within 3 to 6 months.
5.13
5.13. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 13 Pad changes over 24 hours within 3 to 6 months.
5.14
5.14. Analysis
Comparison 5 Treatment of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 14 Number of men not carrying out sufficient PFMT within 3 to 6 months.
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 Prevention of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 1 Number of incontinent men.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 Prevention of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 2 Pad changes over 24 hours.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 Prevention of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 3 1 hour pad test (grams of urine lost).
6.4
6.4. Analysis
Comparison 6 Prevention of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 4 24 hour pad test (gm/24hrs).
6.5
6.5. Analysis
Comparison 6 Prevention of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 5 Number of incontinence episodes per day.
6.6
6.6. Analysis
Comparison 6 Prevention of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 6 Urinary Incontinence Score (ICI‐short form).
6.7
6.7. Analysis
Comparison 6 Prevention of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 7 Quality of Life Score (IIQ).
6.8
6.8. Analysis
Comparison 6 Prevention of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 8 Pelvic floor muscle strength (anal squeeze pressure, cm H2O).
6.9
6.9. Analysis
Comparison 6 Prevention of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 9 Number of men not carrying out sufficient PFMT.
6.10
6.10. Analysis
Comparison 6 Prevention of UI after radical: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 10 Number of men having surgery for incontinence.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 Prevention of UI after radical: electric or magnetic energy versus no treatment, Outcome 1 1 hour pad test (grams of urine lost).
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 Prevention of UI after radical: electric or magnetic energy versus no treatment, Outcome 2 ICIQ‐SF score.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 Prevention of UI after radical: combinations of treatments versus no treatment, Outcome 1 Number of incontinent men within 3 to 6 months.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 Prevention of UI after radical: combinations of treatments versus no treatment, Outcome 2 Number of incontinent men within 6 to 12 months.
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 Prevention of UI after radical: combinations of treatments versus no treatment, Outcome 3 24 hour pad test (grams of urine lost) within 3 to 6 months.
9.4
9.4. Analysis
Comparison 9 Prevention of UI after radical: combinations of treatments versus no treatment, Outcome 4 24 hour pad test (grams of urine lost) 6 to 12 months.
9.5
9.5. Analysis
Comparison 9 Prevention of UI after radical: combinations of treatments versus no treatment, Outcome 5 Time until continent (months).
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 1 Number of incontinent men at < 3months.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 2 Number of incontinent men within 3 to 6 months.
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 3 Number of incontinent men within 6 to 12 months.
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 4 Number of incontinent men after 12 months.
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 5 No. with severe incontinence (e.g. pad test weight >150g) at < 3 months.
10.6
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 6 No. with severe incontinence (e.g. pad test weight >150g) at 3 to 6 months.
10.7
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 7 20 minute pad test (grams of urine lost): within 3 to 6 months.
10.8
10.8. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 8 20 minute pad test (grams of urine lost): within 6 to 12 months.
10.9
10.9. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 9 1 hour pad test (grams of urine lost) at less than 3 months.
10.10
10.10. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 10 1 hour pad test (grams of urine lost) within 3‐6 months.
10.11
10.11. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 11 1 hour pad test within 6‐12 months.
10.12
10.12. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 12 24 hour pad test (grams of urine lost) at less than 3 months.
10.13
10.13. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 13 24 hour pad test (grams of urine lost) within 3‐6 months.
10.14
10.14. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 14 24 hour pad test (grams of urine lost) within 6‐12 months.
10.15
10.15. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 15 Quality of Life Score (ICS male short form) at < 3 months.
10.16
10.16. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 16 Urinary Incontinence Quality of Life Score (ICIQ ‐ short form) within 3‐6 months.
10.17
10.17. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 17 Urinary Incontinence Quality of Life Score (ICIQ‐short form) within 6‐12 months.
10.18
10.18. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 18 King's health Questionnaire after 12 months.
10.19
10.19. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 19 Health status measure SF‐36 within 3‐6 months.
10.20
10.20. Analysis
Comparison 10 Prevention of UI after radical: one active treatment versus another active treatment, Outcome 20 Adverse events.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 Treatment of UI after TURP: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 1 Number of incontinent men.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 Treatment of UI after TURP: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 2 Number of incontinence episodes per day.
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 Treatment of UI after TURP: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 3 Number of men using pads.
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 Treatment of UI after TURP: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 4 Urinary Incontinence Score (ICI‐short form).
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11 Treatment of UI after TURP: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 5 Quality of life related to urinary incontinence.
11.6
11.6. Analysis
Comparison 11 Treatment of UI after TURP: PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 6 Number of men not carrying out pelvic floor muscle contractions at 12 months.
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 Prevention of UI after TURP:  pre or post‐operative PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 1 Number of incontinent men.
16.2
16.2. Analysis
Comparison 16 Prevention of UI after TURP:  pre or post‐operative PFMT ± biofeedback versus no treatment, Outcome 2 Health status measure SF‐36 within 3‐6 months.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Ahmed 2012 {published data only}
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Filocamo 2005 {published and unpublished data}
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Glazener TURP 2011 {published data only}
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    1. Glazener C, Boachie C, Buckley B, Cochran C, Dorey G, Grant A, et al. A randomized controlled trial of conservative treatment (pelvic floor muscle training and bladder training) for urinary incontinence in men after prostate surgery (MAPS) (Abstract number 200). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2010;29(6):1093‐4.
    1. Glazener C, Boachie C, Buckley B, Cochran C, Dorey G, Grant A, et al. Conservative treatment for urinary incontinence in Men After Prostate Surgery (MAPS): two parallel randomised controlled trials. Health Technology Assessment (Winchester, England) 2011;15(24):1‐290. - PubMed
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Goode 2009 {published data only}
    1. Goode P, Burgio K, Johnson T, Roth D, Clay O, Burkhardt J, et al. Behavioral therapy with or without biofeedback and pelvic floor electrical stimulation for persistent post‐prostatectomy incontinence ‐ a randomized controlled trial (Abstract number 87). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2009;28(7):681‐2. [SR‐INCONT34582] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Goode PS. Conservative Treatment of Postprostatectomy Incontinence. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00212264 2003. [NCT00212264; sr‐incont47864]
    1. Goode PS, Burgio KL, Johnson TM, Clay OJ, Roth DL, Markland AD, et al. Behavioral therapy with or without biofeedback and pelvic floor electrical stimulation for persistent postprostatectomy incontinence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2011;305(2):151‐9. [SR‐INCONT40806] - PMC - PubMed
Hoffman 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Hoffmann W, Liedke S, Dombo O, Otto U. Electrical stimulation to treat postoperative incontinence: Therapeutic benefit in regard to quality of life [Die Electrostimulation in der Therapie der posopertiven Harninkontinenz. Therapeutischer Nutzen unter Berucksichtigung der Lebensqualitat]. Urologe 2004;44:33‐40. [SRINCONT20402] - PubMed
Hou 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hou CP, Chen TY, Chang CC, Lin YH, Chang PL, Chen CL, et al. Use of the SF‐36 quality of life scale to assess the effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise on aging males who received transurethral prostate surgery. Clinical Interventions In Aging 2013;8:667‐73. [sr‐incont48064] - PMC - PubMed
Joseph 2000 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Joseph AC, Chang MK. Comparison of behavior therapy methods for urinary incontinence following prostate surgery: a pilot study. Urologic Nursing 2000;20(3):203‐4. [SRINCONT15334] - PubMed
Koo 2009 {published data only}
    1. Kim YH, Hwang EG, Shin JH, Kim YW, Lim JS, Na YG, Song KH, Sul CK. Effect of extracorporeal magnetic innervation (ExMI) pelvic floor therapy for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy. Urology 2009;74 Suppl 4A:S227. [SR‐INCONT42741]
    1. Koo D, So SM, Lim JS. Effect of Extracorporeal Magnetic Innervation (ExMI) pelvic floor therapy on urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy [Korean]. Korean Journal of Urology 2009;50(1):23‐7. [SR‐INCONT34595]
Laurienzo 2013 {published data only}
    1. Laurienzo CE, Sacomani CA, Rodrigues TR, Zequi Sde C, Guimaraes GC, Lopes A. Results of preoperative electrical stimulation of pelvic floor muscles in the continence status following radical retropubic prostatectomy. International Brazilian Journal of Urology 2013;39(2):182‐8. [sr‐incont48139] - PubMed
Liu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Liu F. [Extracorporeal magnetic innervation in the treatment of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy]. Journal of Clinical Rehabilitative Tissue Engineering Research 2008;12(17):3289‐92. [SRINCONT34489]
Manassero 2007 {published data only}
    1. Manassero F, Traversi C, Ales V, Pistolesi D, Panicucci E, Valent F, et al. Contribution of early intensive prolonged pelvic floor exercises on urinary continence recovery after bladder neck‐sparing radical prostatectomy: results of a prospective controlled randomized trial. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2007;26(7):985‐9. [SRINCONT23915] - PubMed
Marchiori 2010 {published data only}
    1. Marchiori D, Bertaccini A, Manferrari F, Ferri C, Martorana G. Pelvic floor rehabilitation for continence recovery after radical prostatectomy: role of a personal training re‐educational program. Anticancer Research 2010;30(2):553‐6. - PubMed
Mariotti 2009 {published data only}
    1. Mariotti G, Sciarra A, Gentilucci A, Salciccia S, Alfarone A, Pierro GD, et al. Early recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy using early pelvic floor electrical stimulation and biofeedback associated treatment. Journal of Urology 2009;181(4):1788‐93. [SRINCONT31079] - PubMed
    1. Sciarra A, Salciccia S, Gentilucci A, Alfarone A, Pierro GB, Mariotti G, et al. Early recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy using early pelvic floor electric stimulation and biofeedback associated treatment. Journal of Urology 2009;181(4 Suppl 1):680. [SRINCONT42739] - PubMed
    1. Sciarra A, Salciccia S, Gentilucci A, Alfarone A, Mariotti G, Cattarino S, et al. Early recovery of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy using early pelvic floor electric stimulation and biofeedback associated treatment (Abstract number 412). European Urology Supplements 2009;8(4):223. [SR‐INCONT42738]
Martini 2011 {published data only}
    1. Martini M, Bernardini S, Blanc E, Piretta K, Tappero R. Relationship between integrity of pelvic floor function and recovery of continence after laparoscopic prostatectomy and effects of preventive pelvic floor training in males with pelvic floor weakness (Abstract number 14). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2011;30 Suppl 1:11‐2. [sr‐incont47398]
Mathewson‐Chapman 97 {published data only}
    1. Mathewson‐Chapman M. The effect of pelvic muscle exercises with biofeedback for urinary incontinence post‐prostatectomy. [Unpublished PhD dissertation]. Gainsville: University of Florida, 1995. [SRINCONT11221]
    1. Mathewson‐Chapman M. Pelvic muscle exercise/biofeedback for urinary incontinence after prostatectomy: an education program. Journal of Cancer Education 1997;12(4):218‐23. [SRINCONT5381] - PubMed
Moore 1999 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Moore KN. The effect of urinary incontinence on the quality of life following radical prostatectomy [Unpublished PhD Thesis]. Edmonton: University of Alberta, 1997. [SRINCONT8006]
    1. Moore KN, Griffiths DJ, Hughton A. A randomised controlled trial of pelvic muscle exercises or pelvic muscle exercises plus electrical stimulation for post radical prostatectomy urinary incontinence [abstract]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1998;17:424‐6. [SRINCONT5677]
    1. Moore KN, Griffiths DJ, Hughton A. Urinary incontinence after post radical prostatectomy: A randomised controlled trial comparing pelvic muscle exercises with pelvic muscle exercises plus electrical stimulation. British Journal of Urology International 1999;83:57‐65. [SRINCONT5730] - PubMed
Moore 2004 {published data only}
    1. Moore KN, Schieman S, Ackerman T, Drus H, Metcalfe JB, Voaklander DC. Assessing the comfort, safety and patient satisfaction with three commonly used penile compression devices. Urology 2004;63(1):150‐4. [SRINCONT19156] - PubMed
Moore 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Moore KN. The effectiveness of biofeedback assisted pelvic floor muscle exercises in the treatment of incontinence post radical prostatectomy. [Personal Communication] (as supplied 11 May 2006). Data on file.
    1. Moore KN, Valiquette L, Chetner MP, Byrniak S, Herbison GP. Return to continence after radical retropubic prostatectomy: A randomized trial of verbal and written instructions versus therapist‐directed pelvic floor muscle therapy. Urology 2008;72(6):1280‐6. [SR‐INCONT26907] - PubMed
Morihiro 2011 {published data only}
    1. Morihiro N, Masatsugu I, Shinji K, Kenichi T, Kazumasa M, Shiro B. Effectiveness of sacral surface therapeutic electrical stimulation (SSTES) on early recovery of urinary incontinence after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy: a prospective study (Abstract number 64). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2011;30(6):889‐90. [SR‐INCONT42173]
Nowak 2007 {published data only}
    1. Nowak M, Jordan M, Haberl S, Herwig R, Kuehhas F, Brausi M, et al. Prospective study of extracorporeal magnetic innervation pelvic floor therapy (EXMI) versus standard pelvic floor training following radical prostatectomy: Impact on timing and magnitude of recovery of continence (Abstract number 482). European Urology Supplements 2007;6(2):143. [SRINCONT34792]
Opsomer 1994 {published data only}
    1. Opsomer RJ, Castille Y, Abi Aad AS, Cangh PJ. Urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy: Is professional pelvic floor training necessary?. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1994;13(4):382‐4. [SRINCONT2687]
Overgard 2008 {published data only}
    1. Morkved S. Urinary Incontinence After Radical Prostatectomy. ‐ Effect of Pelvic Floor Muscle Training. A Randomised Controlled Trial. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00239824 2005. [NCT00239824; sr‐incont47830]
    1. Morkved S, Overgard M, Lydersen S, Angelsen A. Does pelvic floor muscle training with follow up instructions by a physiotherapist reduce urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy? ‐ A randomised controlled trial (Abstract number 15). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2008;27(7):587‐8. [SR‐INCONT31841]
    1. Overgard M, Angelsen A, Lydersen S, Morkved S. Does physiotherapist‐guided pelvic floor muscle training reduce urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy?: A randomised controlled trial. European Urology 2008;54:438‐48. [SR‐INCONT26906] - PubMed
    1. Update Angelsen A, Nilssen S, Overgard M, Lydersen S, Morkved S. Does physiotherapist‐guided pelvic floor muscle training increase the quality of life in patients after radical prostatectomy? A randomized clinical study (Abstract number 733). Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting of the International Continence (ICS), 2012 Oct 15 to 19, Beijing, China 2012. [NCT00239824; srincont47938] - PubMed
    1. Update Nilssen SR, Morkved S, Overgard M, Lydersen S, Angelsen A. Does physiotherapist‐guided pelvic floor muscle training increase the quality of life in patients after radical prostatectomy? A randomized clinical study. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 2012;46(6):397‐404. [NCT00239824; SR‐INCONT46190] - PubMed
Parekh 2003 {published data only}
    1. Parekh AR, Feng Mi, Kirages D, Bremner H, Kaswick J, Aboseif S. The role of pelvic floor exercises on post‐prostatectomy incontinence. Journal of Urology 2003;170:130‐3. [SRINCONT16004] - PubMed
Park 2012 {published data only}
    1. Park S‐W, Park C‐S, Kim T‐N, Lee W, Nam J‐K. The effects of a 12‐week's combined exercise intervention on physical function and mental health after radical prostatectomy in elderly patients with prostate cancer: a prospective, randomised controlled study (Abstract number 1309). Journal of Urology 2011;185(4S):e524. [SR‐INCONT42511]
    1. Park SW, Kim TN, Nam JK, Ha HK, Shin DG, Lee W, et al. Recovery of overall exercise ability, quality of life, and continence after 12‐week combined exercise intervention in elderly patients who underwent radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled study. Urology 2012;80(2):299‐306. [SR‐INCONT45132] - PubMed
Perissinotto 2008 {published data only}
    1. Perissinotto MCR, D'Ancona CAL, Campos RM, Lucio AC, Silva JrW. Physiotherapeutic for treatment of post radical prostatectomy urinary incontinence (Abstract number 265). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 38th Annual Meeting, 2008 Oct 20‐24, Cairo, Egypt. 2008. [SRINCONT31843]
Porru 2001 {published data only}
    1. Porru D, Campus G, Caria A, Madeddu, Cucchi A, Rovereto B, et al. Impact of early pelvic floor rehabilitation after transurethral resection of the prostate. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2001;20:53‐9. [SRINCONT11849] - PubMed
Ribeiro 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ribeiro LH, Prota C, Gomes CM, Bessa J Jr, Boldarine MP, Dall'Oglio MF, et al. Long‐term effect of early postoperative pelvic floor biofeedback on continence in men undergoing radical prostatectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Urology 2010;184(3):1034‐9. [SR‐INCONT40040] - PubMed
    1. Ribeiro LS, Prota C, Gomes CM, Dall'Oglio MF, Bruschini H, Srougi M. Effect of early postoperative pelvic‐floor biofeedback on continence in men undergoing radical prostatectomy: A randomized, controlled trial (Abstract number 1412). Journal of Urology 2008;179(4 Suppl S):483. [SRINCONT26921] - PubMed
    1. Ribiero LS, Prota C, Gomes CM, Boldarine MP, Nakano E, Dall'Oglio M, et al. Early pelvic‐floor biofeedback training promotes long‐term improvement of urinary continence after radical prostatectomy (Abstract number 1882) [.]. Journal of Urology 2009;181(4 Suppl):680. [SR‐INCONT42736]
Robinson 2008 {published data only}
    1. Robinson JP, Bradway CW, Nuamah I, Pickett M, McCorkle R. Systematic pelvic floor training for lower urinary tract symptoms post‐prostatectomy: a randomized clinical trial. Internatonal Journal of Urological Nursing 2008;2(1):3‐13. [SRINCONT34593]
Robinson 2009 {published data only}
    1. Robinson J, Weiss R, Avi‐Itzhak T, McCorkle R. Pilot‐testing of a theory‐based pelvic floor training intervention for radical prostatectomy patients (Abstract number 88). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2009;28(7):682‐3. [SRINCONT34587]
Seleme 2008 {published data only}
    1. Seleme M, Ribeiro V, Moreno A, Berghmans B, Bendhack M. Efficacy of physiotherapy after radical prostatectomy (Abstract number 256). Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 38th Annual Meeting, 2008 Oct 20‐24, Cairo, Egypt. 2008. [SRINCONT31842]
Tibaek 2007 {published data only}
    1. Tibaek S, Klarskov P, Hansen BL, Thomsen H, Andresen H, Jensen CS, et al. Pelvic floor muscle training before transurethral resection of the prostate: A randomized, controlled, blinded study. Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology 2007;41(4):329‐34. [SRINCONT23879] - PubMed
    1. Tibaek S, Klarskov P, Lund Hanzen B, Thomsen H, Andresen H, Schmidt Jensen C, et al. Pelvic floor muscle training before transurethral resection of the prostate (Abstract number 31).. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2006;25(6):546‐7. [SR‐INCONT26614]
Tienforti 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sacco E, Tienforti D, D'Addessi A, Racioppi M, Gulino G, Pinto F, et al. Efficacy of a supervised, affordable program of perioperative pelvic floor muscle training in improving the recovery of continence after radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial (Abstract number 138). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2011;30(6):995‐7. [SR‐INCONT42188] - PubMed
    1. Sacco E, Tienforti D, Marangi F, D'Addessi A, Racioppi M, Gulino G, et al. Efficacy of a supervised low‐intensity regimen of perioperative pelvic floor muscle training in reducing postprostatectomy urinary incontinence: A randomized controlled trial (Abstract number 286). European Urology Supplements 2012;11(1):e286. [sr‐incont47271]
    1. Tienforti D, Sacco E, Marangi F, D'Addessi A, Racioppi M, Gulino G, et al. Efficacy of an assisted low‐intensity programme of perioperative pelvic floor muscle training in improving the recovery of continence after radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial. BJU International 2012;110(7):1004‐10. [SR‐INCONT45339] - PubMed
Tobia 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tobia I, Gonzalez MS, Martinez P, Tejerizo JC, Gueglio G, Damia O, et al. [Randomized study on urinary continence after radical prostatectomy with previous kinesic perineal physiotherapy]. [Spanish]. Archivos Espanoles de Urologia 2008;61(7):793‐8. [SRINCONT27688] - PubMed
van Kampen 1998 {unpublished data only}
    1. Kampen M, Weerdt W, Poppel H, Baert L. Urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy can be treated by pelvic floor re‐education and predicted by measuring urine loss at catheter withdrawal: a controlled study. Proceedings of the International Continence Society (ICS), 29th Annual Meeting; 1999 Aug 22‐26; Denver, Colorado. 1999:246‐7. [SR‐INCONT9919]
    1. Kampen M, Weerdt W, Poppel H, Ridder D, Feys H, Baert L. Effect of pelvic floor re‐education on duration and degree of incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000;355(9198):98‐102. [SRINCONT9012] - PubMed
    1. Kampen M, Weerdt W, Poppel H, Ridder D, Feys H, Baert, L. The efficacy of physiotherapy on the degree and the duration of incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled study [abstract]. Neurourology and Urodynamics 1998;17(4):49‐50. [SRINCONT5681]
    1. Kampen M, Weerdt W, Poppel H, Ridder D, Feys H, Baert L. The efficacy of physiotherapy on the degree and the duration of incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a randomised controlled study. [Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Belgium: University of Leuven, 1998. [SRINCONT5732]
Wille 2003 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Wille S, Sobottka A, Heidenreich A, Hofmann R. Pelvic floor exercises, electrical stimulation and biofeedback after radical prostatectomy: Results of a prospective randomized trial. Journal of Urology 2003;170(2 Part 1):490‐3. [SRINCONT16931] - PubMed
    1. Wille S, Sobottka A, Olbert P, Heidenreich A, Hofmann R. Impact of electrical stimulation or biofeedback on quality of life after radical prostatectomy: Results of a prospective randomized trial (Abstract number 167). Journal of Urology 2004;171(4 Suppl):44. [SRINCONT27408] - PubMed
Yamanishi 2006 {published data only}
    1. Yamanishi K, Mizuno T, Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Ito Y, Yamamoto T, et al. A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study of electrical stimulation with pelvic floor muscle training for the treatment of urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy (Abstract number 30). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2006;25(6):545‐6. [SRINCONT26613]
    1. Yamanishi T, Mizuno T, Watanabe M, Honda M, Yoshida K‐I. Randomized, placebo controlled study of electrical stimulation with pelvic floor muscle training for severe urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy. Journal of Urology 2010;184(5):2007‐12. [SR‐INCONT40344] - PubMed
Yokoyama 2004 {published data only}
    1. Yokoyama T, Nishiguchi J, Watanabe T, Nose H, Nozaki K, Fujita O, Inoue M, et al. Comparative study of effects of extracorporeal magnetic innervation versus electrical stimulation for urinary incontinence after radical prostatectomy. Urology 2004;63(2):264‐7. [SRINCONT17116] - PubMed
Zhang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Zhang AY, Galanek J, Strauss GJ, Siminoff LA. What it would take for men to attend and benefit from support groups after prostatectomy for prostate cancer: a problem‐solving approach. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 2008;26(3):97‐112. [SRINCONT29254] - PubMed
    1. Zhang AY, Strauss GJ, Siminoff LA. Effects of combined pelvic floor muscle exercise and a support group on urinary incontinence and quality of life of postprostatectomy patients. Oncology Nursing Forum Online 2007;34(1):47‐53. [SRINCONT31506] - PubMed
    1. Zhang AY, Strauss GJ, Siminoff LA. Intervention of urinary incontinence and quality of life outcome in prostate cancer patients. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology 2006;24(2):17‐30. [SRINCONT22147] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Bennett 1997 {published data only}
    1. Bennett JK, Foote JE, Green BG, Killorin EW, Martin SH. Effectiveness of biofeedback/electrostimulation in the treatment of post prostatectomy urinary incontinence [abstract]. Proceedings of the Urodynamics Society Annual Meeting. 1997.
Bocker 2002 {published data only}
    1. Bocker B, Smolenski UC. [Physikalische therapie der beckenbodeninsuffizienz‐ methodenvergleich]. Journal fur Urologie und Urogynakologie 2002;2:20‐7.
Burkert 2011 {published data only}
    1. Burkert S, Scholz U, Gralla O, Roigas J, Knoll N. Dyadic planning of health‐behavior change after prostatectomy: a randomized‐controlled planning intervention. Social Science & Medicine 2011;73(5):783‐92. [srincont46861] - PubMed
Ceresoli 2002 {unpublished data only}
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Chang 1998 {published data only}
    1. Chang PL, Tsai LH, Huang ST, Hsieh ML, Tsui KH. The early effect of pelvic floor muscle exercise after transurethral prostatectomy. Journal of Urology 1998;160(2):402‐5. - PubMed
Cornel 2005 {published data only}
    1. Cornel EB, Wit R, Witjes JA. Evaluation of early pelvic floor physiotherapy on the duration and degree of urinary incontinence after radical retropubic prostatectomy in a non‐teaching hospital. World Journal of Urology 2005;23:353‐5. - PubMed
Cornu 2011 {published data only}
    1. Cornu JN, Merlet B, Ciofu C, Mouly S, Peyrat L, Sebe P, et al. Duloxetine for mild to moderate postprostatectomy incontinence: preliminary results of a randomised, placebo‐controlled trial. European Urology 2011;59(1):148‐54. [SR‐INCONT41370] - PubMed
Crevenna 2003 {published data only}
    1. Crevenna R, Zoch C, Kellani M, Quittan M, Fialka‐Moser V. Implementation of a physical rehabilitation group for post‐prostatectomy urinary incontinence patients and its effects on quality of life. Physikalische Medicin Rehabilitationsmedizin Kurotmedizin 2003;13(6):339‐44.
Dieperink 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dieperink KB, Johansen C, Hansen S, Wagner L, Andersen KK, Minet LR, et al. The effects of multidisciplinary rehabilitation: RePCa‐a randomised study among primary prostate cancer patients. British Journal of Cancer 2013;109(12):3005‐13. - PMC - PubMed
Eren 2013 {published data only}
    1. Alan C, Ersay AR, Eren AE, Altintas R, Kocoglu H, Basturk G. Efficacy of early duloksetin therapy in urinary incontinence occurred after radical prostatectomy (Abstract number 704). Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society (ICS), 2013 Aug 26‐30, Barcelona, Spain 2013. [sr‐incont49727]
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Filocamo 2007 {published data only}
    1. Popolo G, Filocamo M, Li Marzi V, Cecconi F, Marzocco M, Nicita G. Stress incontinence after radical prostatectomy: a randomized controlled trial on combination of duloxetine and rehabilitation versus rehabilitation alone (Abstract number 29). Neurourology and Urodynamics 2006;25(6):544‐5. [SR‐INCONT26612]
    1. Filocamo MT, Li Marzi V, Popolo G, Cecconi F, Villari D, Marzocco M, et al. Pharmacologic treatment in postprostatectomy stress urinary incontinence. European Urology 2007;51(6):1559‐64. [23000] - PubMed
Griebling 1999 {published data only}
    1. Griebling TL, Kreder KJ, Sueppel CA, See WA. Timing of biofeedback and pelvic floor muscle exercise training for men undergoing radical prostatectomy (Abstract number 322). Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society; 1999 Aug 22‐26; Denver, Colorado. 1999:401. [SR‐INCONT9928]
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Hotston 2006 {published data only}
    1. Hotston MR, Hurley K, Patel S, Persad R. The use of duloxetine for stress incontinence after prostatectomy. BJU International 2006;98(4):916‐7. [26028] - PubMed
Ip 2004 {published data only}
    1. Ip V. Evaluation of a patient education tool to reduce the incidence of incontinence post‐prostate surgery. Urologic Nursing 2004;24(5):401‐7. - PubMed
Kahihara 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kahihara CT, Ferreira U, Pedro RN, Matheus WE, Netto NR. [Early versus delayed physiotherapy in the treatment of post‐prostatectomy male urinary incontinence]. Archivos Espanoles de Urologia 2006;59(8):773‐8. - PubMed
Lin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Lin YH, Yu TJ, Lin VC, Wang HP, Lu K. Effects of early pelvic‐floor muscle exercise for sexual dysfunction in radical prostatectomy recipients. Cancer Nursing 2012;35(2):106‐14. [SR‐INCONT46858] - PubMed
McGlynn 2004 {published data only}
    1. McGlynn B, Al‐Saffar N, Begg H, Gurun M, Hollins G, McPhee S, et al. Management of urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy. Urologic Nursing 2004;24(6):475‐82. - PubMed
Mishel 2002 {published data only}
    1. Mishel MH, Belyea M, Germino BB, Stewart JL, Bailey DE Jr, Robertson C, et al. Helping patients with localized prostate carcinoma manage uncertainty and treatment side effects: nurse‐delivered psychoeducational intervention over the telephone. Cancer 2002;94(6):1854‐66. [sr‐incont15336] - PubMed
Nehra 2001 {published data only}
    1. Nehra A, Rovner E, Wein A, Lange P, Ellis W, Keane R, et al. Interim analysis of a multi‐center study of extracorporeal magnetic innervation (ExMI) for the treatment of urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy (Abstract). Proceedings of the 31st Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society; 2001 Sept 18‐21; Seoul, Korea. 2001.
Ottenbacher 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ottenbacher A, Sloane R, Snyder DC, Kraus W, Sprod L, Demark‐Wahnefried W. Cancer‐specific concerns and physical activity among recently diagnosed breast and prostate cancer survivors. Integrative Cancer Therapies 2013;12(3):206‐12. [sr‐incont50477] - PMC - PubMed
Pemberton 2006 {published data only}
    1. Pemberton P, Brooks A, Eriksen CM, Frost S, Graham S, Greenman L, et al. A comparative study of two types of urinary sheath. Nursing Times 2006;102(7):36‐41. - PubMed
Prota 2012 {published data only}
    1. Prota C, Gomes CM, Ribeiro LH, Bessa J Jr, Nakano E, Dall'Oglio M, et al. Early postoperative pelvic‐floor biofeedback improves erectile function in men undergoing radical prostatectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. International Journal of Impotence Research 2012;24(5):174‐8. [SR‐INCONT45891] - PubMed
Pulker 2002 {published data only}
    1. Pulker E. Long term results of physiotherapy in men with urinary stress incontinence after radical prostatectomy (Abstract). Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Meeting of the International Continence Society; 2002 Aug 28‐30; Heidelburg, Germany. 2002.
Ribeiro 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ribeiro AM, Oliveira HF. Pelvic Floor Muscles Training in Urinary Disorders in Men With Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radiotherapy. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01762956 2013. [NCT01762956; sr‐incont47831]
Ricci 2004 NEWa {published data only}
    1. Ricci L, Minardi D, Romoli M, Galosi AB, Muzzonigro G. Acupuncture reflexotherapy in the treatment of sensory urgency that persists after transurethral resection of the prostate: a preliminary report. Neurourology and Urodynamics 2004;23(1):58‐62. [SR‐INCONT16645] - PubMed
Robinson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Robinson JP, Burrell SA, Avi‐Itzhak T, McCorkle R. Validity testing of the stopwatch urine stream interruption test in radical prostatectomy patients. Journal of Wound, Ostomy & Continence Nursing 2012;39(5):545‐51. [SR‐INCONT45900] - PMC - PubMed
Salinas Casado 1991 {published data only}
    1. Salinas Casado J, Varela E, Prieto Chaparro L, Virseda Rodriguez M, Salomon S, Guerrero A, et al. Results of perineal electric stimulation in stress urinary incontinence [Resultatos de la estimulacion electrica perineal en la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo]. Archivos Espanoles di Urologia 1991;44(4):437‐40. - PubMed
Salinas Casado 1996 {published data only}
    1. Salinas Casado J, Virseda Chamorro M, Salomon Mohamed S, Bravo de Rueda C, Aristizabal JM, Resel Estevez L. Results of electrical stimulation in the treatment of post‐prostatectomy urinary incontinence. Actas Urologicas Espanolas 1996;20(6):544‐50. - PubMed
Seki 2005 {published data only}
    1. Seki N, Kai N, Takano N, Naito S, Kawajiri M, Kira J, Tobimatsu S. Efficacy of high‐frequency magnetic stimulation of the sacral root in patients with stress urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy [abstract]. 35th Annual Meeting of International Continence Society; 2005 Aug 29 ‐ Sep 2; Montreal, Canada.
Shen 2012 NEWa {published data only}
    1. Shen YZ, Lin X, Lin Q. [Overactive bladder after transurethral resection of prostate treated with electroacupuncture therapy and tolterodine]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu = Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion 2012;32(5):404‐8. [SR‐INCONT47454] - PubMed
Traeger 2013 {published data only}
    1. Traeger L, Penedo FJ, Benedict C, Dahn JR, Lechner SC, Schneiderman N, et al. Identifying how and for whom cognitive‐behavioral stress management improves emotional well‐being among recent prostate cancer survivors. Psycho‐Oncology 2013;22(2):250‐9. [sr‐incont48709] - PubMed
Yang 2010 NEWa {published data only}
    1. Yang BS, Ye DW, Yao XD, Peng JY, Zhang SL, Dai B, et al. [The study of electrical acupuncture stimulation therapy combined with pelvic floor muscle therapy for postprostatectomy incontinence]. [Chinese]. Chung‐Hua Wai Ko Tsa Chih [Chinese Journal of Surgery] 2010;48(17):1325‐7. [SR‐INCONT42595] - PubMed
Yao 2012 {published data only}
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Zahariou 2009 {published data only}
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Zermann 1999 {published and unpublished data}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

Crivellaro 2011 {published data only}
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References to ongoing studies

Burnett 2012 {published data only}
    1. NCT01748110, Burnett AL, Segal RL, Cheskin LJ, Blitz JU. Health Interventions in Men Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy ‐ A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01748110 2012.
Burnett 2013 {published data only}
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Fode 2012 NEW {published data only}
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Goode 2014 {published data only}
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Mina 2013 {published data only}
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Ng 2011 {published data only}
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Terrone 2007 {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

Campbell 2012
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