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. 2013 Feb;45(1):21-33.
doi: 10.5152/eajm.2013.04.

Analysis and Toxicity of Plain (PMP) and Blended (PMT) Indian Pan Masala (PM)

Suresh Kumar Nigam  1 , H Venkatakrishna-Bhatt  2
Affiliations

Analysis and Toxicity of Plain (PMP) and Blended (PMT) Indian Pan Masala (PM)

Suresh Kumar Nigam et al. Eurasian J Med. 2013 Feb.

Abstract
in English, Turkish

Objective: Betel leaf combined with areca nut is known as betel quid pan masala (PM), and tobacco with areca nut, catechu and lime is pan masala (PMT) blended with gulkhand. These narcotics are popular among young and old individuals. A prima facia chemical analysis and a toxicity assessment of PM in mice were conducted to study the relationship between longtime consumption of PM and health hazards.

Materials and methods: Chemical analysis of different types of PM was done employing HPLC, GLC, AAS, ES, TLC, GCMS and sequential extraction for PAH, pesticides, metals and minerals, electrolytes, drugs and xenobiotics. Ethanolic PM extracts were tested by IP and PO routes in inbred Swiss mice.

Results: PAH, which are known xenobiotics for pre-cancerous lesions, were significantly high (p<0.01) in Rajaniganda and Pan Parag Zarda. Isomers of DDT and BHC, which principally act on nerves and muscles, were also high (p<0.01) in PM. The enhanced metal and mineral content of PM results in massive oral fibrosis. There is a high level of narcotics in PM, especially nicotine, a potentially cancerous agent in the gastrointestinal tract.

Conclusion: Experimental studies with different extracts of plain and blended PM in mice fed for 16 and 90 days revealed no effect on blood and organ weights (kidney, heart, spleen and liver), but we did observe attenuated testis. However, in the bone marrow of the mice, chromosomes were most affected in the mice fed PM-Zarda blend for 3 months. The chromosomal abnormalities included ploidy, loss, breaks, gaps, deletions and exchanges in ring chromosomes. The PM caused sperm head anomalies (narrow, blunt, triangular and banana shapes), and the sperm were irregular, amorphous, tailless and rudimentary, with the maximum effect among the groups fed PM for 3 months. Significantly higher levels (p<0.01) of testis glycogen, cholesterol and protein were found. The group fed for 16 days showed no change in red blood corpuscles (RBC), white blood corpuscles (WBC), hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation counts.

Amaç: Areka fındık ile kombine betel yaprağı pan masala (PM) ve areka fındık ile tütün, pekiştirici ve kireç gulkhand ile harmanlanmış pan masala (PMT) olarak bilinir. Bunlar genç ve yaşlı bireyler arasında popüler uyuşturucu maddelerdir. PM bir toksisite değerlendirilmesi prima facia kimyasal analiz ve farelerde uzun zamandır PM tüketimi ve sağlık riskleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Gereç ve yöntem: Farklı kimyasal analizler; PM HPLC, GLC, AAS, ES, TLC, GCMS ve PAH, pestisitler, metaller ve mineraller, elektrolitler, uyuşturucu ve ksenobiyotiklere için sıralı ekstraksiyon ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Etanolik PM özleri inbred Swiss farelerde IP ve PO yollar ile test edilmiştir.

Bulgular: Kanser öncesi lezyonlar için ksenobiyotikler olarak bilinen PAH, Rajaniganda ve Pan Parag Zarda’da (p <0.01) anlamlı olarak yüksek bulunmuştur. Başta sinir ve kasların hareket DDT ve BHC, izomerleri PM (p <0.01) yüksek bulunmuştur. Masif oral fibrozis PM sonuçlarının gelişmiş metal ve mineral içeriği, gastrointestinal sistemin potansiyel kanser ajanı, özellikle nikotin PM uyuşturucuda yüksek düzeyde bulunmaktadır.

Sonuç: Deneysel çalışmalarda 16 ve 90 gün boyunca beslenen farelerde düz ve karışımlı PM farklı özlerinin kan ve organ ağırlıkları (böbrek, kalp, dalak ve karaciğer) üzerinde hiçbir etkisi yoktur, ancak ufalmış testis gözlemlemek mümkün olmuştur. Ancak, PM-Zarda karışımı ile 3 ay boyunca beslenen farelerin kemik iliğinde, kromozomlar büyük oranda etkilenmiştir. Kromozom anomalilerine ploidi, kayıp, boşluk, silinme ve halka kromozomlar içerisinde değişim dahildir. PM sperm baş anomalileri (dar, künt, üçgen ve muz şekiller) ve 3 ay boyunca PM ile beslenen gruplar arasındaki maksimum etkisi ile sperm düzensiz amorf, kuyruksuz ve ilkel yapısı şeklinde gözlemlenmiştir. Testis glikojen, kolesterol ve protein düzeyleri arasında anlamlı (p <0.01) ilişki bulunmuştur. PM ile 16 gün boyunca beslenen grupta alyuvar (RBC), akyuvar (WBC), hemoglobin ve eritrosit sedimentasyon sayımlarında hiçbir değişiklik gözlenmemiştir.

Keywords: Indian Pan Masala; Narcotics; Public health; Toxicity.

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