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. 2015 Jan 27;5(1):e006777.
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006777.

Is schizophrenia associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease? A nationwide matched-cohort study

Nian-Sheng Tzeng  1 , Yung-Ho Hsu  2 , Shinn-Ying Ho  3 , Yu-Ching Kuo  4 , Hua-Chin Lee  4 , Yun-Ju Yin  4 , Hong-An Chen  4 , Wen-Liang Chen  5 , William Cheng-Chung Chu  6 , Hui-Ling Huang  3
Affiliations

Is schizophrenia associated with an increased risk of chronic kidney disease? A nationwide matched-cohort study

Nian-Sheng Tzeng et al. BMJ Open. .

Abstract

Objective: The impact of schizophrenia on vital diseases, such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), has not as yet been verified. This study aims to establish whether there is an association between schizophrenia and CKD.

Design: A nationwide matched cohort study.

Setting: Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database.

Participants: A total of 2338 patients with schizophrenia, and 7014 controls without schizophrenia (1:3), matched cohort for sex, age group, geography, urbanisation and monthly income, between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2007, based on the International Classifications of Disease Ninth Edition (ICD-9), Clinical Modification codes.

Primary and secondary outcome measures: After making adjustments for confounding risk factors, a Cox proportional hazards model was used to compare the risk of developing CKD during a 3-year follow-up period from the index date.

Results: Of the 2338-subject case cohort, 163 (6.97%) developed a CKD, as did 365 (5.20%) of the 7014 control participants. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that patients with schizophrenia were more likely to develop CKD (HR=1.36, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.63; p<0.001). After adjusting for gender, age group, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia, heart disease and non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) usage, the HR for patients with schizophrenia was 1.25 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.50; p<0.05). Neither typical nor atypical antipsychotics was associated an increased risk of CKD in patients with schizophrenia.

Conclusions: The findings from this population-based retrospective cohort study suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a 25% increase in the risk of developing CKD within only a 3-year follow-up period.

Keywords: National Health Insurance Research Dataset; Schizophrenia; chronic kidney diseases; non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sampling from the National Health Insurance Research Dataset (NHIRD).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) free survival for patients with schizophrenia (---) and patients without schizophrenia (–) during the 3-year follow-up period in Taiwan from the index date.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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