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. 2014 Dec 24;67(1):28.
doi: 10.1186/s13620-014-0028-8. eCollection 2014.

Myocarditis in dogs: etiology, clinical and histopathological features (11 cases: 2007-2013)

Izabela Janus  1 , Agnieszka Noszczyk-Nowak  2 , Marcin Nowak  1 , Alicja Cepiel  2 , Rafał Ciaputa  1 , Urszula Pasławska  2 , Piotr Dzięgiel  3 , Karolina Jabłońska  4
Affiliations

Myocarditis in dogs: etiology, clinical and histopathological features (11 cases: 2007-2013)

Izabela Janus et al. Ir Vet J. .

Abstract

Background: Myocarditis is a disease caused by numerous etiological factors and characterized by a non-specific course. The only method allowing for precise characterization of inflammatory changes is the histopathological examination of heart muscle specimens. The study was conducted on heart muscle preparations from 11 dogs with ante-mortem diagnosis of cardiac disease. Animals presented with a poor response to an applied treatment or had suspected sudden cardiac death. The heart specimens were taken post-mortem, preserved and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Subsequently, the presence and intensity of changes, i.e. inflammatory infiltration, the amount of connective tissue and features of cardiomyocyte degeneration were estimated. The specimens from dogs suspected of having a myocarditis of bacteriological etiology underwent additional bacteriological and immunohistochemical examination.

Results: The examination revealed an inflammatory infiltration of variable intensity combined with the degenerative changes in all dogs. There were vegetative and abnormal cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in 6 dogs. A Staphylococcus aureus infection was confirmed in one dog and an acute coronary syndrome with neutrophil infiltration was revealed in another one.

Conclusions: Although the clinical pattern in patients with myocarditis is diverse, the definitive morphological diagnosis is made based on the histopathological examination. This examination can lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of myocarditis combined with the presence of spore forms of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the heart specimens of dogs.

Keywords: Borrelia burgdorferi; Dog; Heart; Myocarditis.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The gross pathology. A – generalized heart chamber dilation; B - infarct in the left ventricular wall; C – infarct site: changes in the heart muscle seen on cross-section; D – a thickening of pericardial sack with considerable amounts of fibrin covering the heart.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Microscopic examination of heart specimens. A - degeneration of myocardium with disturbances in cardiomyocyte structure, presence of fibrous tissue and mild inflammatory infiltrates (arrows) (H&E; 200×); B – severe cardiomyocyte degeneration accompanied by severe granulocytic and slight lympho-plasmocytic infiltration in heart tissue adjutant to embolic material (H&E; 200×); C – severe granulocytic and moderate lympho-plasmocytic infiltration of infarct site (H&E; 200×); D –vegetative and spore forms of Borrelia burgdorferi in heart specimens (IHC stain, 600×); E – Borrelia burgdorferi spore forms in heart specimens (IHC stain, 600×).
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