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. 2015 Mar;23(3):677-83.
doi: 10.1002/oby.20983. Epub 2015 Feb 3.

Chocolate-candy consumption and 3-year weight gain among postmenopausal U.S. women

James A Greenberg  1 , JoAnn E Manson, Brian Buijsse, Lu Wang, Matthew A Allison, Marian L Neuhouser, Lesley Tinker, Molly E Waring, Carmen R Isasi, Lisa W Martin, Cynthia A Thomson
Affiliations

Chocolate-candy consumption and 3-year weight gain among postmenopausal U.S. women

James A Greenberg et al. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015 Mar.

Abstract

Objective: To test the hypothesis that greater chocolate-candy intake is associated with more weight gain in postmenopausal women.

Methods: A prospective cohort study involved 107,243 postmenopausal American women aged 50-79 years (mean = 60.7) at enrollment in the Women's Health Initiative, with 3-year follow-up. Chocolate-candy consumption was assessed by food frequency questionnaire, and body weight was measured. Linear mixed models, adjusted for demographic, socio economic, anthropomorphic, and behavioral variables, were used to test our main hypotheses.

Results: Compared with women who ate a 1 oz (∼28 g) serving of chocolate candy <1 per month, those who ate this amount 1 per month to <1 per week, 1 per week to < 3 per week and ≥3 per week showed greater 3-year prospective weight gains (kg) of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.66, 0.85), 0.95 (0.84, 1.06), and 1.40 (1.27, 1.53), respectively, (P for linear trend<0.0001). Each additional 1 oz/day was associated with a greater 3-year weight gain (kg) of 0.92 (0.80, 1.05). The weight gain in each chocolate-candy intake level increased as BMI increased above the normal range (18.5-25 kg/m(2)), and was inversely associated with age.

Conclusions: Greater chocolate-candy intake was associated with greater prospective weight gain in this cohort of postmenopausal women.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The only author with a disclosure is Dr. JoAnn Manson. She and colleagues at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School are recipients of funding from Mars Symbioscience for an investigator-initiated randomized trial of cocoa flavanols and cardiovascular disease.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Three-year Weight Gain Associated With Chocolate Candy, in Different BMI Levels (p-value for interaction by BMI <0.0001).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Three-year Weight Gain Associated With Chocolate Candy, in Different Age Levels (p-value for interaction by age <0.0001).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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