Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2014 Dec 24;12(1):151.
doi: 10.1186/s40201-014-0151-1. eCollection 2014.

Decolorization and detoxification of sulfonated toxic diazo dye C.I. Direct Red 81 by Enterococcus faecalis YZ 66

Madhuri M Sahasrabudhe  1 , Rijuta G Saratale  2 , Ganesh D Saratale  3 , Girish R Pathade  4
Affiliations

Decolorization and detoxification of sulfonated toxic diazo dye C.I. Direct Red 81 by Enterococcus faecalis YZ 66

Madhuri M Sahasrabudhe et al. J Environ Health Sci Eng. .

Abstract

Isolated Enterococcus faecalis YZ 66 strain shows ability to decolorize various industrial dyes among which, it showed complete decolorization and degradation of toxic, sulfonated recalcitrant diazo dye Direct Red 81 (50 mg/L) within 1.5 h of incubation under static anoxic condition. The optimum pH and temperature for decolorization was 7.0 and 40°C, respectively. Significant induction in the activity of intracellular oxidoreductive enzymes suggested its involvement in the decolorization of Direct Red 81. The biodegradation of Direct Red 81 was monitored by UV-Visible, FT-IR spectroscopy and HPLC. The final products were characterized by GC-MS and possible pathway of the degradation of the dye was proposed. The phytotoxicity assay (with respect to plants Sorghum vulgare and Phaseolus mungo) revealed that the degradation of Direct Red 81 produced nontoxic metabolites. Finally E. faecalis was employed to decolorize actual industrial effluent showing decolorization (in terms of ADMI value) with moderate COD and BOD reduction. Moreover the result increases the applicability of the strain for the treatment of industrial wastewaters containing dye pollutants.

Keywords: ABTS; ADMI; Azoreductase; Direct Red 81; Enterococcus faecalis; GC-MS; Lignin peroxidase.

PubMed Disclaimer

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effect of initial dye concentration of C.I. Direct Red 81on decolorization performance by using Enterococcus faecalis YZ 66.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Oxidative (lignin peroxidise and laccase) reductive (azoreductase and NADH-DCIP reductase) enzyme activity profile in control cells of Enterococcus faecalis YZ 66 at (0 h) and the induced cells obtained after complete decolorization of C.I. Direct Red 81 (1.5 h).
Figure 3
Figure 3
Color removal of (A) dye industrial effluent in terms of ADMI removal ratio values (about 52%); (B) COD and BOD reduction after 10 days of incubation time by Enterococcus faecalis YZ 66.
Figure 4
Figure 4
HPLC analysis of products (extracted with ethyl acetate) formed by degradation of C.I. Direct Red 81: (A) at 0 h (control with peak at 1.71. min), (B) metabolites formed by Enterococcus faecalis YZ 66 after complete decolorization (1.5 h with peak at 3.008, 3.861 & 4.021 min) indicating degradation of DR 81 into different metabolites.
Figure 5
Figure 5
FTIR analysis of products (extracted with diicholoromethane) formed by degradation of C.I. Direct Red 81: (A) at 0 h (control), (B) metabolites formed by Enterococcus faecalis YZ 66 after complete decolorization (1.5 h).
Figure 6
Figure 6
Proposed pathway for biodegradation of C.I. Direct Red 81 by Enterococcus faecalis YZ 66.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Mohana S, Desai C, Madamwar D. Biodegradation and decolorization of anaerobically treated distillery spent wash by a novel bacterial consortium. Bioresour Technol. 2007;98:333–339. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2005.12.024. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Jirasripongpun K, Rujikan N, Jongjira N, Boonsiri C. Decolorization and degradation of C.I. Reactive Red 195 by Enterobacter sp. Thammasat Int J Sci Technol. 2007;12:6–11.
    1. Keharia H, Patel H, Madamwar D. Decolorization screening of synthetic dyes by anaerobic, methanogenic sludge using batch decolourization assay. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004;20:365–370. doi: 10.1023/B:WIBI.0000033056.42908.93. - DOI
    1. Kodam KM, Soojhawon I, Lokhande PD, Gawai KR. Microbial decolorization of reactive azo dyes under aerobic conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2005;21:367–370. doi: 10.1007/s11274-004-5957-z. - DOI
    1. Saratale RG, Saratale GD, Chang JS, Govindwar SP. Ecofriendly degradation of sulphonated diazo dye Reactive Green 19A using Micrococcus glutamicus NCIM 2168. Bioresour Technol. 2009;100:3897–3905. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.051. - DOI - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources