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Meta-Analysis
. 2015 Feb 5;2015(2):CD000307.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000307.pub2.

Fluphenazine decanoate (depot) and enanthate for schizophrenia

Nicola Maayan  1 , Seema N Quraishi, Anthony David, Aprajita Jayaswal, Maurice Eisenbruch, John Rathbone, Rosie Asher, Clive E Adams
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Fluphenazine decanoate (depot) and enanthate for schizophrenia

Nicola Maayan et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Intramuscular injections (depot preparations) offer an advantage over oral medication for treating schizophrenia by reducing poor compliance. The benefits gained by long-acting preparations, however, may be offset by a higher incidence of adverse effects.

Objectives: To assess the effects of fluphenazine decanoate and enanthate versus oral anti-psychotics and other depot neuroleptic preparations for individuals with schizophrenia in terms of clinical, social and economic outcomes.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's Trials Register (February 2011 and October 16, 2013), which is based on regular searches of CINAHL, BIOSIS, AMED, EMBASE, PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and registries of clinical trials.

Selection criteria: We considered all relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on people with schizophrenia comparing fluphenazine decanoate or enanthate with placebo or oral anti-psychotics or other depot preparations.

Data collection and analysis: We reliably selected, assessed the quality, and extracted data of the included studies. For dichotomous data, we estimated risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Analysis was by intention-to-treat. We used the mean difference (MD) for normal continuous data. We excluded continuous data if loss to follow-up was greater than 50%. Tests of heterogeneity and for publication bias were undertaken. We used a fixed-effect model for all analyses unless there was high heterogeneity. For this update. we assessed risk of bias of included studies and used the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to create a 'Summary of findings' table.

Main results: This review now includes 73 randomised studies, with 4870 participants. Overall, the quality of the evidence is low to very low.Compared with placebo, use of fluphenazine decanoate does not result in any significant differences in death, nor does it reduce relapse over six months to one year, but one longer-term study found that relapse was significantly reduced in the fluphenazine arm (n = 54, 1 RCT, RR 0.35, CI 0.19 to 0.64, very low quality evidence). A very similar number of people left the medium-term studies (six months to one year) early in the fluphenazine decanoate (24%) and placebo (19%) groups, however, a two-year study significantly favoured fluphenazine decanoate (n = 54, 1 RCT, RR 0.47, CI 0.23 to 0.96, very low quality evidence). No significant differences were found in mental state measured on the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) or in extrapyramidal adverse effects, although these outcomes were only reported in one small study each. No study comparing fluphenazine decanoate with placebo reported clinically significant changes in global state or hospital admissions.Fluphenazine decanoate does not reduce relapse more than oral neuroleptics in the medium term (n = 419, 6 RCTs, RR 1.46 CI 0.75 to 2.83, very low quality evidence). A small study found no difference in clinically significant changes in global state. No difference in the number of participants leaving the study early was found between fluphenazine decanoate (17%) and oral neuroleptics (18%), and no significant differences were found in mental state measured on the BPRS. Extrapyramidal adverse effects were significantly less for people receiving fluphenazine decanoate compared with oral neuroleptics (n = 259, 3 RCTs, RR 0.47 CI 0.24 to 0.91, very low quality evidence). No study comparing fluphenazine decanoate with oral neuroleptics reported death or hospital admissions.No significant difference in relapse rates in the medium term between fluphenazine decanoate and fluphenazine enanthate was found (n = 49, 1 RCT, RR 2.43, CI 0.71 to 8.32, very low quality evidence), immediate- and short-term studies were also equivocal. One small study reported the number of participants leaving the study early (29% versus 12%) and mental state measured on the BPRS and found no significant difference for either outcome. No significant difference was found in extrapyramidal adverse effects between fluphenazine decanoate and fluphenazine enanthate. No study comparing fluphenazine decanoate with fluphenazine enanthate reported death, clinically significant changes in global state or hospital admissions.

Authors' conclusions: There are more data for fluphenazine decanoate than for the enanthate ester. Both are effective antipsychotic preparations. Fluphenazine decanoate produced fewer movement disorder effects than other oral antipsychotics but data were of low quality, and overall, adverse effect data were equivocal. In the context of trials, there is little advantage of these depots over oral medications in terms of compliance but this is unlikely to be applicable to everyday clinical practice.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Enhance Reviews: is a company that carries out systematic reviews mostly for the public sector, it currently does not provide services for the pharmaceutical industry.

Figures

1
1
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE versus ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, outcome: 2.4 Leaving the study early.
2
2
Study flow diagram.
3
3
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
4
4
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 1 Death.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 2 Global state: 1. Relapse.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 3 Global state: 2. GAS (short term ‐ 6 weeks to 5 months) (high score = worse).
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 4 Leaving the study early.
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 5 Mental state: 1. BPRS (endpoint scores ‐ high score = worse).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 6 Mental state: 2. Depression (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 7 Adverse effects: 1. Movement disorders ‐ tardive dyskinesia (longer term ‐ more than 1 year).
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 8 Adverse effects: 2. Toxicity.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 1 Global state: 1. No clinically important global change.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 2 Global state: 2. Relapse.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 3 Global state: 3. Clinical Global Impression (short term ‐ 6 weeks to 5 months) (high score = worse).
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 4 Leaving the study early.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 5 Behaviour: 1. NOSIE‐30 ‐ endpoint scores (high score = poor).
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 7 Mental state: 1. BPRS ‐ endpoint scores (longer term ‐ more than 1 year) (high score = poor).
2.8
2.8. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 8 Mental state: 2. Depression.
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 9 Adverse effects: 1a. Movement disorders ‐ general.
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 10 Adverse effects: 1b. Movement disorders ‐ akathisia.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 11 Adverse effects: 1c. Movement disorders ‐ needing anticholinergic drugs.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 12 Adverse effects: 1d. Movement disorders ‐ tardive dyskinesia.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 13 Adverse effects: 1e. Movement disorders ‐ tremor (longer term ‐ more than 1 year).
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 14 Adverse effects: 1f. Movement disorders ‐ average score (Simpson & Angus, 0 to 5 weeks, high = poor).
2.15
2.15. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 15 Adverse effects: 2. Blurred vision ‐ medium term (6 months to 1 year).
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 16 Adverse effects: 3. Toxicity ‐ medium term (6 months to 1 year).
2.17
2.17. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 17 Adverse effects: 4. General adverse effects.
2.18
2.18. Analysis
Comparison 2 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 18 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Global state: 2. Relapse.
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 1 Death.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 2 Global state: 1. No clinically important global change.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 3 Global state: 2. Relapse.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 4 Global state: 3. Severly ill (medium term 6 months to 1 year).
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 5 Global state: 4. Needing additional antipsychotic treatment (6 months to 1 year).
3.7
3.7. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 7 Global state: 6. Clinical Global Impression. (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 8 Global state: 7. Clinical Global Impression ‐ not improved (high score = poor).
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 9 Leaving the study early.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 10 Behaviour: 1. NOSIE‐30 ‐ endpoint scores (high score = poor).
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 11 Mental state: 1. BPRS (endpoint scores ‐ high score = poor).
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 12 Mental state: 2. BPRS (endpoint scores 6 months to 1 year ‐ dichotomous data).
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 13 Mental state: 3. Depression (6 months to 1 year).
3.15
3.15. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 15 Adverse effects: 1a. Movement disorders ‐ general.
3.16
3.16. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 16 Adverse effects: 1b. Movement disorders ‐ needing anticholinergic drugs.
3.17
3.17. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 17 Adverse effects: 1c. Movement disorders ‐ parkinsonism.
3.18
3.18. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 18 Adverse effects: 1d. Movement disorders ‐ tardive dyskinesia: longer term (more than 1 year).
3.19
3.19. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 19 Adverse effects: 1e. Movement disorders ‐ tremor.
3.21
3.21. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 21 Adverse effects: 2. Blurred vision.
3.22
3.22. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 22 Adverse effects: 3. Dry mouth: longer term (more than 1 year).
3.23
3.23. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 23 Adverse effects: 4. General adverse effects.
3.24
3.24. Analysis
Comparison 3 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 24 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS Global state: 2. Relapse.
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ HIGH DOSE vs STANDARD, Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ HIGH DOSE vs STANDARD, Outcome 2 Global state: 2. Needing additional antispsychotic treatment (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ HIGH DOSE vs STANDARD, Outcome 3 Global state: 3. Not improved (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ HIGH DOSE vs STANDARD, Outcome 4 Leaving the study early (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ HIGH DOSE vs STANDARD, Outcome 5 Mental state: BPRS endpoint scores (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year, high score = poor).
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ HIGH DOSE vs STANDARD, Outcome 6 Adverse effects: Movement disorders ‐ needing anticholinergic drugs (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ LOW DOSE vs STANDARD, Outcome 1 Global state: Relapse.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ LOW DOSE vs STANDARD, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ LOW DOSE vs STANDARD, Outcome 3 Adverse effects: 1. Movement disorders (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 1 Adverse effects: Movement disorders ‐ general.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 1 Global state: No clinically important global change (immediate ‐ 0 to 5 weeks).
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs ORAL NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 2 Adverse effects: Movement disorders ‐ general.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Needing additional antipsychotic treatment (6 months to 1 year).
8.2
8.2. Analysis
Comparison 8 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 2 Global state: 2. Relapse.
8.3
8.3. Analysis
Comparison 8 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early.
8.4
8.4. Analysis
Comparison 8 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. BPRS ‐ endpoint scores (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year) (high score = poor).
8.5
8.5. Analysis
Comparison 8 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 5 Mental state: 2. Depression (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
8.6
8.6. Analysis
Comparison 8 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 6 Adverse effects: 1a. Movement disorders ‐ general (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
8.7
8.7. Analysis
Comparison 8 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 7 Adverse effects: 1b. Movement disorders ‐ needing additional anticholinergic drugs.
8.8
8.8. Analysis
Comparison 8 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 8 Adverse effects: 1c. Movement disorders ‐ tardive dyskinesia: medium term (6 months to 1 year).
8.9
8.9. Analysis
Comparison 8 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 9 Adverse effects: 1d. Movement disorders ‐ tremor (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
8.10
8.10. Analysis
Comparison 8 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 10 Adverse effects: 2. Blurred vision (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
8.11
8.11. Analysis
Comparison 8 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE vs OTHER DEPOT NEUROLEPTICS, Outcome 11 Adverse effects: 3. Dry mouth (medium term ‐ 6 months to 1 year).
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ LOW DOSE vs INTERMEDIATE/HIGH DOSE, Outcome 1 Global state: Relapse (short term ‐ 6 weeks to 5 months).
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ LOW DOSE vs INTERMEDIATE/HIGH DOSE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early (short term ‐ 6 weeks to 5 months).
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 FLUPHENAZINE DECANAOTE vs FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE, Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Needing additional antipsychotic treatment.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 FLUPHENAZINE DECANAOTE vs FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE, Outcome 2 Global state: 2. Relapse.
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 FLUPHENAZINE DECANAOTE vs FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE, Outcome 3 Behavioiur: Leaving the study early.
10.4
10.4. Analysis
Comparison 10 FLUPHENAZINE DECANAOTE vs FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE, Outcome 4 Mental State: BPRS medium term (6 months to 1 year ‐ high score = poor).
10.5
10.5. Analysis
Comparison 10 FLUPHENAZINE DECANAOTE vs FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE, Outcome 5 Adverse effects: 1a. Movement disorders ‐ general.
10.6
10.6. Analysis
Comparison 10 FLUPHENAZINE DECANAOTE vs FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE, Outcome 6 Adverse effects: 1b. Movement disorders ‐ needing anticholinergic drugs.
10.7
10.7. Analysis
Comparison 10 FLUPHENAZINE DECANAOTE vs FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE, Outcome 7 Adverse effects: 1c. Movement disorders ‐ parkinsonism (short term ‐ 6 weeks to 5 months).
10.8
10.8. Analysis
Comparison 10 FLUPHENAZINE DECANAOTE vs FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE, Outcome 8 Adverse effects: 1d. Movement disorders ‐ akathisia (Immediate ‐ 0 to 5 weeks).
10.9
10.9. Analysis
Comparison 10 FLUPHENAZINE DECANAOTE vs FLUPHENAZINE ENANTHATE, Outcome 9 Adverse effects: 2. General adverse effects (immediate ‐ 0 to 5 weeks).
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ 2 WEEKS vs 6 WEEKS, Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse (1 year).
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ 2 WEEKS vs 6 WEEKS, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early (1 year).
11.3
11.3. Analysis
Comparison 11 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ 2 WEEKS vs 6 WEEKS, Outcome 3 Mental state: 1. BPRS ‐ endpoint scores (1 year) (high score = poor).
11.4
11.4. Analysis
Comparison 11 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ 2 WEEKS vs 6 WEEKS, Outcome 4 Adverse effects: 1. Movement disorders ‐ MPRC (1 year, high = poor).
11.5
11.5. Analysis
Comparison 11 FLUPHENAZINE DECANOATE ‐ DOSAGE STUDIES ‐ 2 WEEKS vs 6 WEEKS, Outcome 5 Quality of life: Quality of life scale (1 year) (high score = good).
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References

References to studies included in this review

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    1. Goldstein MJ, Rodnick EH, Evans JR, May PRA, Steinberg MR. Drug and family therapy in the aftercare of acute schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 1978;35:1169‐77. - PubMed
Hirsch 1975 {published data only}
    1. Hirsch SR. The interaction between depot‐phenothiazines and the social and clinical manifestations of behaviour in patients with stabilised chronic schizophrenia. In: Praag HM editor(s). On the Origin of Schizophrenic Psychoses. De Erven Bohn BV, 1975:209‐22. [MEDLINE: ]
Hogarty 1979 {published data only}
    1. Hogarty GE, Schooler NR, Ulrich R, Mussare I, Ferro P, Herron E. Fluphenazine and social therapy in the aftercare of schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1979;36:1283‐94. - PubMed
Hogarty 1988 {published data only}
    1. Hogarty GE, McEvoy JP, Munetz M, DiBarry AL, Bartone P, Cather R, et al. Dose of fluphenazine, familial expressed emotion, and outcome in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1988;45:797‐805. - PubMed
Hranov 1998 {published data only}
    1. Hranov LG, Yanakiev N, Stefanov S, Nikolova N, Yakimova R. Haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate for schizophrenia: a comparative naturalistic medium term study of efficacy and tolerability. 11th Congress of The European College of Neuropsychopharmacology; 1998 Oct 3 ‐ Nov 4; Paris, France. 1998.
Jain 1975 {published data only}
    1. Jain RC, Ananth JV, Lehmann HE, Ban TA. A comparative study with pipothiazine palmitate and fluphenazine enanthate in the treatment of schizophrenic patients. Current Therapeutic Research 1975;18(4):585‐9. - PubMed
Javed 1991 {published data only}
    1. Javed MA, Chaudhry MR. Double blind comparison of flupenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Pakistan Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1991;1(2):69‐74.
Jolley 1990 {published data only}
    1. Jolley AG, Hirsch SR, Morrison E, McRink A, Wilson L. Trial of brief intermittent neuroleptic prophylaxis for selected schizophrenic outpatients: clinical and social outcome at two years. BMJ 1990;301:837‐42. - PMC - PubMed
Ju 2000 {published data only}
    1. Ju H, Cong Z, Deng P. A control study on using pipothiazine palmitate to treat schizophrenic patients. Journal of Clinical Psychological Medicine 2000;10(1):24‐5.
Kane 1978 {published data only}
    1. Kane J, Quitkin F, Rifkin A, Klein DF. Comparison of the incidence and severity of extrapyramidal side effects with fluphenazine enanthate and fluphenazine decanoate. American Journal of Psychiatry 1978;135:1539‐42. - PubMed
Kane 1983 {published data only}
    1. Kane JM, Rifkin A, Woerner M, Reardon G. Low‐dose neuroleptics in outpatient schizophrenics. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1982;18(1):20‐1.
    1. Kane JM, Rifkin A, Woerner M, Reardon G, Sarantakos S, Schiebel D, et al. Low‐dose neuroleptic treatment of outpatient schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 1983;40:893‐6. - PubMed
Kaneno 1991 {published data only}
    1. Kaneno S, Ohkuma T, Yamashita I, Mori A, Yagi G, Kudo Y, et al. A double blind comparative study on the efficacy and safety of fluphenazine decanoate (SQ10, 733) and oral haloperidol in the treatment of schizophrenic patients. Rinsho Hyoka (Clinical Evaluation) 1991;19(1):15‐45. [MEDLINE: ]
Kelly 1977 {published data only}
    1. Kelly HB, Freeman HL, Banning B, Schiff AA. Clinical and social comparison of fluphenazine decanoate and flupenthixol decanoate in the community maintenance therapy of schizophrenia. International Pharmacopsychiatry 1977;12:54‐64. - PubMed
Keskiner 1971 {published data only}
    1. Keskiner A, Itil T, Han H, Hsu W, Ulett G. EEG changes after fluphenazine enanthate and decanoate based on analog power spectra and digital computer period analysis. Psychopharmacologia 1971;20(3):230‐41. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Khazaie 2005 {published data only}
    1. Khazaei H, Habibi F, Pourafkari N. The effect of fluphenazine decanoate every 2 weeks versus 6 weeks in the treatment of schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 2003;8(4):11‐5.
    1. Khazaie H, Shakeri J. Comparative efficacy of every 2 weeks versus every 6 weeks injections of fluphenazine decanoate. Archives of Iranian Medicine 2005;8(2):109‐14.
Kissling 1985 {published data only}
    1. Kissling W, Moller HJ, Walter K, Wittman B, Kruegger R, Trenk D. Double‐blind comparison of haloperidol and fluphenazine decanoate effectiveness, side effects, dosage and serum levels during a six months treatment for relapse prevention. Pharmacopsychiatry 1985;18:240‐5. - PubMed
Kreisman 1988 {published data only}
    1. Kreisman D, Blumenthal R, Borenstein M, Woerner M, Kane J, Rifkin A, et al. Family attitudes and patient social adjustment in a longitudinal study of outpatient schizophrenics receiving low‐dose neuroleptics: the family's view. Psychiatry 1988;51(1):3‐13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kurland 1966 {published data only}
    1. Kurland AA, Richardson JH. A comparative study of two long acting phenothiazine preparations, fluphenazine enanthate and fluphenazine decanoate. Psychopharmacologia (Berl) 1966;9:320‐7. - PubMed
Lehmann 1980 {published data only}
    1. Lehmann E, Quadbeck H, Tegeler J, Fararuni M, Heinrich K. Drug‐response differences of high and standard dosage of fluphenazine‐decanoate in relation to schizophrenic symptoms. Pharmakopsychiatrie und Neuropsychopharmakologie 1980;13(3):117‐29. - PubMed
Leong 1989 {published data only}
    1. Leong OK, Wong KE, Tay WK, Gill RC. A comparative study of pipothiazine palmitate and fluphenazine decanoate in the maintenance of remission of schizophrenia. Singapore Medical Journal 1989;30:536‐40. - PubMed
Levenson 1976 {published data only}
    1. Levenson AJ, Burnett GB, Nottingham JD, Sermas CE, Thornby JI. Speed and rate of remission in acute schizophrenia: a comparison of intramuscularly administered fluphenazine HC1 with thiothixene and haloperidol. Current Therapeutic Research Clinical and Experimental 1976;20(5):695‐700. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lundin 1990 {published data only}
    1. Lundin L, Dencker SJ, Malm U. Community‐based rehabilitation of schizophrenia. Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift 1990;44:81‐7.
    1. Lundin L, Dencker SJ, Malm U. Community‐based rehabilitation of schizophrenia: corrected version. Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift 1992;46(2):121‐7.
MacCrimmon 1978 {published data only}
    1. MacCrimmon DJ, Saxena B, Foley P, Grof P. Fluphenazine decanoate and fluphenazine enanthate in the out‐patient management of chronic schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 1978;4:360‐5. - PubMed
Magnus 1979 {published data only}
    1. Magnus RV. A comparative study of fluspirilene and fluphenazine decanoate in schizophrenic patients. Journal of Pharmacotherapy 1979;2(3):109‐14.
    1. Magnus RV. Fluspirilene and fluphenazine decanoate for schizophrenic patients. Controlled study [Fluspirilen und Fluphenazin‐Dekanoat bei schizophrenen Patienten. Vergleichende Studie]. Munchener Medizinische Wochenschriftenschrift 1980;122:1758‐60. - PubMed
Malm 1974 {published data only}
    1. Malm U, Perris C, Rapp W, Wedren G. A multicenter controlled trial of fluspirilene and fluphenazine enanthate in chronic schizophrenic syndromes. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1974;249:94‐116. - PubMed
Marder 1987 {published data only}
    1. Marder SR, Putten T, Mintz J, Lebell M, McKenzie J, May PRA. Low and conventional dose maintenance therapy with fluphenazine decanoate. Archives of General Psychiatry 1987;44:518‐21. - PubMed
    1. Marder SR, Putten T, Mintz J, McKenzie J, Lebell M, Faltico G, et al. Costs and benefits of two doses of fluphenazine. Archives of General Psychiatry 1984;41:1025‐9. - PubMed
McClelland 1976 {published data only}
    1. McClelland H, Farquharson RG, Leyburn P, Furness JA, Schiff AA. Very high dose fluphenazine decanoate. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976;33:1435‐9. - PubMed
McCreadie 1980 {published data only}
    1. McCreadie RG, Dingwall JM, Wiles DH, Heykants JJP. Intermittant pimozide versus fluphenazine decanoate as maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1980;137:510‐7. - PubMed
McCreadie 1982 {published data only}
    1. McCreadie R, Mackie M, Morrison D, Kidd J. Once weekly pimozide versus fluphenazine decanoate as maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1982;140:280‐6. - PubMed
McKane 1987 {published data only}
    1. McKane JP, Robinson ADT, Wiles DH, McCreadie RG, Stirling GS. Haloperidol decanoate versus fluphenazine decanoate as maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenic in‐patients. British Journal of Psychiatry 1987;151:333‐6. - PubMed
McLaren 1992 {published data only}
    1. McLaren S, Cookson J, Silverstone J. A comparative trial of bromperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate in chronic. Annual Meeting of the British Association for Psychopharmacology; 1990 July 15, Cambridge, England. 1990.
    1. McLaren S, Cookson JC, Silverstone T. Postive and negative symptoms, depression and social disability in chronic schizophrenia: a comparative trial of bromoperidol and fluphenazine decanoates. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1992;7(2):67‐72. - PubMed
Odejide 1982 {published data only}
    1. Odejide OA, Aderounmu AF. Double‐blind placebo substitution: Withdrawal of fluphenazine decanoate in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology 1982;43(5):195‐6. - PubMed
Pinto 1979 {published data only}
    1. Pinto R, Banerjee A, Ghosh N. A double‐blind comparison of flupenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate int he treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatria Scandinavia 1979;60:313‐22. - PubMed
Quitkin 1978 {published data only}
    1. Quitkin F, Rifkin A, Kane J, Ramos‐Lorenzi JR, Klein DF. Long‐acting oral vs injectable antipsychotic drugs in schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 1978;35:889‐92. - PubMed
Rifkin 1977 {published data only}
    1. Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Kane J, Klein DF. Fluphenazine decanoate, oral fluphenazine, and placebo in the treatment of remitted schizophrenics II. Rating scale data. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1977;13(2):40‐50. - PubMed
    1. Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Kane J, Klein DF, Ross D. The effect of fluphenazine upon social and vocational functioning in remitted schizophrenics. Biological Psychiatry 1979;14(3):499‐508. - PubMed
    1. Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Klein D. Fluphenazine decanoate, oral fluphenazine, and placebo in treatment of remitted schizophrenics ‐ Rating scale data. Archives of General Psychiatry 1977;34:15‐9. - PubMed
    1. Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Rabiner C, Klein DF. Fluphenazine decanoate, fluphenazine hydrochloride given orally, and placebo in remitted schizophrenics ‐ Relapse years after one year. Archives of General Psychiatry 1977;34:43‐7. - PubMed
Rossi 1990 {published data only}
    1. Rossi A, Michele VD, Volonte MV, Casacchia M. Therapeutic evaluation of bromperidol decanoate in schizophrenia ‐ a double‐blind comparison vs. Fluphenazine decanoate [Efficacia terapeutica e tollerabilita del Bromperidolo decanoato VS Flufenazina decanoato nel Disturbo Schizofrenico]. Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale delle Alienazioni Mentali 1990;114(6):1379‐86.
Russell 1982 {published data only}
    1. Russell N, Landmark J, Merskey H, Turpin T. A double‐blind comparison of fluspirilene and fluphenazine decanoate in schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1982;27:593‐6. - PubMed
Schlosberg 1978 {published data only}
    1. Schlosberg A, Shadmi M. A comparative controlled study of two long‐acting phenothiazines: Pipothiazine palmitate and fluphenazine decanoate. Current Therapeutic Research 1978;23(5):642‐54.
Schneider 1981 {published data only}
    1. Schneider SJ, Kirby EJ, Itil TM. Clinical blood chemistry values and long acting phenothiazines. Pharmacopsychitria 1981;14:107‐14. - PubMed
Schooler 1976 {published data only}
    1. Schooler NR, Levine J, NIMH‐PRB Collaborative Fluphenazine Study Group. The initiation of long‐term pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia: dosage and side effect comparisons between oral and depot fluphenazine. Pharmakopsychiatria 1976;9(4):159‐69. - PubMed
Schooler 1979 {published data only}
    1. Schooler NR, Levine J, Severe JB. Depot fluphenazine in the prevention of relapse in schizophrenia: evaluation of a treatment regimen. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1979;15(2):44‐7. - PubMed
Schooler 1980 {published data only}
    1. Gelenberg AJ, Dollar JC, Schooler NR, Mieske M, Severe J, Mandel MR. Acute extrapyramidal reactions with fluphenazine hydrochloride and fluphenazine decanoate. Amercian Journal of Psychiatry 1979;136(2):217‐9. - PubMed
    1. Levine J, Schooler NR, Severe J, Escobar J, Geleberg A, Mandel M, et al. Discontinuation of oral and depot fluphenazine in schizophrenic patients ater one year of continuous medication: A controlled study. Advanced Biochemical Psychopharmacology 1980;24:483‐93. - PubMed
    1. Mandel MR, Severe JB, Schooler NR, Gelenberg AJ, Mieske M. Development and prediction of postpsychotic depression in neuroleptic‐treated schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 1982;39:197‐203. - PubMed
    1. Schooler NR, Levine J, NIMH‐PRB Collaborative Fluphenazine Study Group. The initiation of long‐term pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia: dosage and side effect comparison between oral and depot fluphenazine. Pharmakopsychiatria 1976;9:159‐69. - PubMed
    1. Schooler NR, Levine J, Severe JB, Brauzer B, DiMascio A, Klerman GL, et al. Prevention of relapse in schizophrenia ‐ An evaluation of fluphenazine decanoate. Archives of General Psychiatry 1980;37:16‐24. - PubMed
Schooler 1997 {published data only}
    1. Schooler NR, Keith SJ, Sever JB, Matthews SM, Bellack AS, Glick ID, et al. Relapse and rehospitalisation during maintenance treatment of schizophrenia: the effects of dose reduction and family treatment. Archives of General Psychiatry 1997;54(5):453‐63. - PubMed
Sharma 1991 {published data only}
    1. Sharma SK, Jaigirdar SH. A comparison of fluphenazine decanoate and haloperidol decanoate in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Research 1991;2:177‐86.
Shenoy 1981 {published data only}
    1. Shenoy RS, Sadler SG, Goldberg SC, Hamer RM, Ross B. Effects of a six‐week drug holiday on symptom status, relapse, and tardive dyskinesia in chronic schizophrenics. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1981;1:141‐5. - PubMed
Shu 1983 {published data only}
    1. Shu L. Double‐blind study of domestic penfluridol and fluphenazine decanoate. Chung Hua Shen Ching Ching Shen Ko Tsa Chih (Chinese Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry) 1983;16(3):141‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Simon 1978 {published data only}
    1. Simon P, Fermanian J, Ginestet D, Goujet MA, Peron‐Magnan P. Standard and long‐acting depot neuroleptics in chronic schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 1978;35:893‐7. - PubMed
Singh 1979 {published data only}
    1. Singh AN, Saxena B. A comparative study of prolonged action (depot) neuroleptics: pipotiazine palmitate versus fluphenazine enanthate in chronic schizophrenic patients. Current Therapeutic Research 1979;25(1):121‐32.
Song 1993 {published data only}
    1. Song Y. A double‐blind control study on the effect of pipotiazine palmitate and fluphenazine decanoate in the treatment of schizophrenia [data not available]. Chinese Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry 1993;26(3):137‐40.
Van Praag 1970 {published data only}
    1. Praag HM, Breetveld J, Mesdag‐etty H, Westerhuis R, Pen A, Schut T. A controlled comparative study of fluphenazine and fluphenazine enanthate in acute and chronic psychotic patients. Psychiatria, Neurologia, Neurochirurgia 1970;73:165‐75. - PubMed
Van Praag 1973 {published data only}
    1. Praag HM, Dols LCW. Fluphenazine enanthate and fluphenazine decanoate: A comparison of their duration of action and motor side effects. American Journal of Psychiatry 1973;130(7):801‐4. - PubMed
Walker 1983 {published data only}
    1. Walker CA. A double‐blind comparative trial of the decanoates of clopenthixol and fluphenazine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic out‐patients. Pharmatherapeutica 1983;3(5):289‐93. - PubMed
Wistedt 1983 {published data only}
    1. Wistedt B, Ranta J. Comparative double‐blind study of flupenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate in the treatment of patients relapsing in a schizophrenic symptomatology. Acta Psychiatria Scandinavica 1983;67:378‐88. - PubMed
Wistedt 1984 {published data only}
    1. Wistedt B. A comparative trial of haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate in chronic schizophrenic patients. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1986;1(Suppl 1):15‐23. - PubMed
    1. Wistedt B, Persson T, Helbom E. A clinical double‐blind comparison between haloperidol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate. Current Therapeutic Research 1984;35(5):804‐14.
Woggon 1977 {published data only}
    1. Woggon B, Dick P, Fleischhauer HJ, Gmur M, Gruber G, Angst J, et al. Comparison of the effects of pipothiazine palmitate and fluphenazine decanoate. International Pharmacopsychiatry 1977;12(4):193‐209. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abuzzahab 1976a {published data only}
    1. Abuzzahab FS. Fluphenazine in chronic schizophrenia. Unidentified report 1976:72‐3.
Abuzzahab 1976b {published data only}
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Abuzzahab 1977 {published data only}
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Abuzzahab 1980 {published data only}
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Ahlfors 1971 {published data only}
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Ahlfors 1973 {published data only}
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Altamura 1987 {published data only}
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Angst 1975 {published data only}
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Arato 1979 {published data only}
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Astrup 1974 {published data only}
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Balon 1982 {published data only}
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Bankier 1968 {published data only}
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Bao 1991 {published data only}
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Barnes 2010 {published data only}
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Barsa 1965 {published data only}
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Bastie 1974 {published data only}
    1. Bastie Y. Outcome in 64 chronic psychotics treated with delayed action Moditen or Modecate [Devenir de 64 psychotiques chroniques sous Moditen retard ou Modecate]. Annales Medico Psychologiques 1974;1(4):531‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Benassi 1968 {published data only}
    1. Benassi P, Bertolotti P, Pietri L. High doses of fluphenazine: clinico‐therapeutical trials [Flufenazina as alte dosi: esperienze clinico‐terapeutiche]. Rivista Sperimentale di Freniatria e Medicina Legale Delle Alienazioni Mentali 1968;92(6):1803‐25. [PUBMED: 4888750] - PubMed
Berliner 1974 {published data only}
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Bilone 1988 {published data only}
    1. Bilone F, Carcereri G, Lamonaca D. Fluphenazine decanoate and haloperidol decanoate ‐ 2 neuroleptics compared in nonacute psychiatric pathology. Long‐term crossover trial. II. Tolerability and side effects [Flufenazina decanoato e aloperidolo decanoato: due neurolettici a confronto nella patologia psichiatrica non acuta studio cross‐over a lungo termine. II. Tollerrabilita ed effetti collaterali]. Neurologia Psichiatria Scienze Umane 1988;8(Suppl 3):49‐59.
Bloch 2004 {published data only}
    1. Bloch Y, Levkovitz Y, Atshuler A, Dvoretzki V, Fenning S, Ratzoni G. Use of topical application of lidocaine‐prilocaine cream to reduce injection‐site pain of depot antipsychotics. Psychiatric Services 2004;55(8):940‐1. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Boyer 1987 {published data only}
    1. Boyer P, Puech AJ. Determinants for clinical activity of neuroleptic drugs: chemical substances, doses, assessment tools. Psychiatrie and Psychobiologie 1987;2(4):296‐305.
Brankovic 1998 {published data only}
    1. Brankovic S, Milovanovic S, Damjanovic A, Paunovic VR. No difference between the effects of clozapine and fluphenazine on probabilistic reasoning in paranoid schizophrenia. 21st Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuro‐psychopharmacologicum; 1998 Jul 12‐16; Glasgow, Scotland. 1998. [MEDLINE: ]
Breier 1987 {published data only}
    1. Breier A, Wolkowitz OM, Doran AR, Roy A, Boronow J, Hommer DW, et al. Neuroleptic responsivity of negative and positive symptoms in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1987;144:1549‐55. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Caranza 1973 {published data only}
    1. Caranza J, Vargas L, Gomez J. A double‐blind evaluation of sulpiride, a new antipsychotic compound. American Social Clinical Pharmacological Therapeutics 1973;14:132‐2.
Carpenter 1992 {published data only}
    1. Carpenter WT, Buchanan RW, Breier A, Kirkpatrick B, Hanlon T, Levine J, et al. Novel neuroleptic dosage reduction strategies. Schizophrenia Research 1992;6(2):107. [MEDLINE: ]
Carpenter 1993 {published data only}
    1. Carpenter WT, Buchanan RW, Breier A. The effect of dosage interval on the efficacy of fluphenazine decanoate in the prevention of relapse. Schizophrenia Research 1993;9:258‐9.
Carpenter 1999 {published data only}
    1. Carpenter WT Jr, Buchanan RW, Kirkpatrick B, Lann HD, Breier AF, Summerfelt AT. Comparative effectiveness of fluphenazine decanoate injections every 2 weeks versus every 6 weeks. American Journal of Psychiatry 1999;156(3):412‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Casacchia 1989 {published data only}
    1. Casacchia M, Michele DIV, Volonte MV, Rossi A. Bromperidol decanoate vs fluphenazine decanoate in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Today: Accomplishments and Promises. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress of Psychiatry; 1989 Oct 13‐19; Athens, Greece. 1989. [MEDLINE: ]
Castellini {published data only}
    1. Castellini A, Lorini M. Flufenazina decanoato e aloperidolo decanoato: due neurolettici a confronto nella patologia psichiatrica non acuta studio crossover a lunga termine. not known. not known, not known:33‐48.
Chacon 1972 {published data only}
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Chacon 1973 {published data only}
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Charalampous 1977 {published data only}
    1. Charalampous K, Thornby J, Ford BK, Freemesser GF. Penfluridol versus oral fluphenazine in the maintenance treatment of chronic schizophrenics. Current Therapeutic Research 1977;21(2):215‐23. - PubMed
Chien 1974 {published data only}
    1. Chein CP, Dimascio A, Cole JO. Antiparkinsonian agents and depot phenothiazine. American Journal of Psychiatry 1974;131(1):86‐90. - PubMed
Childers 1964 {published data only}
    1. Childers RT. Comparison of four regimens in newly admitted female schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry 1964;120:1010‐1. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chouinard 1970 {published data only}
    1. Chouinard G, Lehmann HE, Ban TA. Pimozide in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. Current Therapeutic Research Clinical and Experimental 1970;12(9):598‐603. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chowdhury 1980 {published data only}
    1. Chowdhury MEH, Chacon C. Depot fluphenazine and flupenthixol in the treatment of stabilized schizophrenics. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1980;21(2):135‐9. - PubMed
Clark 1971 {published data only}
    1. Clark ML, Huber WK, Charalampous KD, Serafetinides EA, Trousdale W, Colmore JP. Drug treatment in newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1971;25(5):404‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cohen 1985 {published data only}
    1. Cohen BM, Waternaux C, Chouinard G, Sommer BR, Jones B. Plasma levels of neuroleptic in patients receiving depot fluphenazine. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1985;5(6):328‐32. - PubMed
Cole 1967 {published data only}
    1. Cole JO, Schooler NR National Institute of Mental Health Psychopharmacology Research Branch Collaborative Study Group. Differences in clinical effects of three phenothiazines in "acute" schizophrenia. Diseases of the Nervous System 1967;446(6):369‐83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cookson 1991 {published data only}
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Coufal 1981 {published data only}
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Curry 1979 {published data only}
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Del Giudice 1975 {published data only}
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Dengler 1969 {published data only}
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DeWolfe 1971 {published data only}
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Doongaji 1988 {published data only}
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Dossenbach 1997 {published data only}
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Engelhardt 1973 {published data only}
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Faretra 1970 {published data only}
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Floru 1974 {published data only}
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Floru 1975 {published data only}
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Gillis 1981 {published data only}
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Gitlin 1988 {published data only}
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Grosser 1970 {published data only}
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Haslam 1975 {published data only}
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Held 1970 {published data only}
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Hirsch 1973 {published data only}
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Hirsch 1989 {published data only}
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Holden 1970 {published data only}
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Ionescu 1983 {published data only}
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Iqbal 1978 {published data only}
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Itil 1970a {published data only}
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Itil 1970b {published data only}
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Itil 1978 {published data only}
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Jakovljevic 1999 {published data only}
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James 1977 {published data only}
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Johnson 1975 {published data only}
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Kabes 1980a {published data only}
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Kabes 1980b {published data only}
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Kabes 1981 {published data only}
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Kane 1979 {published data only}
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Kane 1982 {published data only}
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Kane 1983 b {published data only}
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Kenway 1971 {published data only}
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Keskiner 1968b {published data only}
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Knights 1979 {published data only}
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Lapierre 1978 {published data only}
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McCreadie 1983 {published data only}
    1. McCreadie RG, McKane JP, Mackie M. Weekly pimozide versus fluphenazine decanoate in schizophrenic out and day patients. British Journal of PSychiatry 1983;143:97‐8. - PubMed
McCreadie 1986 {published data only}
    1. McCreadie RG, McKane JP, Robinson ADT, Wiles DH, Stirling GS. Depot neuroleptics as maintenance therapy in chronic schizophrenic in‐patients. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 1986;1(Suppl 1):13‐4. [MEDLINE: ]
Meco 1987 {published data only}
    1. Meco G, Aniello R, Lestingi L, Petrini P, Castellano A, Casacchia M. Haloperidol decanoate (a new depot neuroleptic drug): double‐blind study versus fluphenazine decanoate in schizophreniform disorders and chronic schizophrenia. In: Cazullo CL, Invernizzi G, Bressi C, Ghedini E editor(s). Schizophrenia: an Intergrative View. Milan: John Libbey, 1987:155‐70.
Mimica 1998 {published data only}
    1. Mimica N, Dossenbach M, Friedel P, Folnegovic‐Smalc V, Makaric G, Jakovlijevic M, et al. Olanzapine compared to fluphenazine in the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 1998;29(1,2):150. [MEDLINE: ]
Montejo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Montejo AL, Majadas S, Rico‐Villademoros F, Llorca G, Gándara J, Franco M, et al. Frequency of sexual dysfunction in patients with a psychotic disorder receiving antipsychotics. Journal of Sexual Medicine 2010;7(10):3404‐13. - PubMed
Morris 1970 {published data only}
    1. Morris PA, MacKenzie DH, Masheter HC. A comparative double blind trial of pimozide and fluphenazine in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1970;117:683‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
National 1964 {published data only}
    1. National Institute of Mental Health Psychopharmacology Service Center Collaborative Study Group. Phenothiazine treatment in acute schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1964;10:246‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nestoros 1978 {published data only}
    1. Nestoros JN, Lehmann HE, Ban TA. Butaclamol in the treatment of schizophrenia. A standard‐controlled clinical trial. International Pharmacopsychiatry 1978;13(3):138‐50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Owen 1993 {published data only}
    1. Owen RR, Gutierrez ER, Hsiao J, Hadd K. Effects of clozapine and fluphenazine treatment on responses to m chlorophenylpiperazine infusions in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1993;50(8):636‐44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Palma 1997 {published data only}
    1. Palma Wenzel MI, Parada R, Osorio C, Dorr A, Bauer S. Flupentixol decanoate versus other neuroleptics in chronic schizophrenia [Decanoato de flupentixol versus otros neurolepticos en esquizofrenicos cronicos]. Revista Chilena de Neuropsiquiatria 1997;35(1):29‐35. [MEDLINE: ]
Pichot 1988 {published data only}
    1. Pichot P, Boyer P. A double blind, controlled, multicenter trial of low dose amisulpride (Solian(R) 50) versus low dose fluphenazine in the treatment of negative symptoms in chronic schizophrenia [Essai multicentrique controle, en double insu, amisulpride (solian(r) 50) contre fluphenazine a faibles doses dans le traitement du syndrome deficitaire des schizophrenies chroniques]. Annales de Psychiatrie 1988;3(3):312‐20.
Pickar 1987 {published data only}
    1. Pickar D, Breier A, Wolkowitz OM, Pato C. Profiles of the pharmacologic response of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Psychiatrie and Psychobiologie 1987;2(4):277‐87.
Pickar 1992 {published data only}
    1. Pickar D, Owen RR, Litman RE, Konicki E, Gutierrez R, Rapaport MH. Clinical and biologic response to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Crossover comparison with fluphenazine. Archives of General Psychiatry 1992;49(5):345‐53. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pickar 1994 {published data only}
    1. Pickar D, Litman RE, Hong WW, Su TP, Weissman EM. Clinical response to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 1994;51:159‐60. - PubMed
Pollack 1964 {published data only}
    1. Pollack SL, Tourlentes TT, Zocchi AF. Clinical trial of fluphenazine enanthate‐ A long‐acting injectable tranquilizer. American Jornal of Psychiatry 1964;121:73‐4. - PubMed
Preussler 1995 {published data only}
    1. Preussler B, Bohle C, Jeschke G, Volz H P, Sauer H. Psychometric performance of clozapine and fluphenazine treated schizophrenics. Pharmacopsychiatry 1995;28:204. [MEDLINE: ]
Preussler 1997 {published data only}
    1. Preussler B, Hubner G, Rossger G, Jeschke G, Lorenz S, Volz HP, et al. Psychometric performance of chronic schizophrenics treated with a typical neuroleptic (fluphenazine) or an atypical neuroleptic drug (clozapine) ‐ a double‐blind controlled clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997;30:207. [MEDLINE: ]
Quitkin 1975 {published data only}
    1. Quitkin F, Rifkin A, Klein DF. Very high dosage vs standard dosage fluphenazine in schizophrenia. A double‐blind study of nonchronic treatment‐refractory patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1975;32(10):1276‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Quitkin 1977 {published data only}
    1. Quitkin F, Rifkin A, Klein DF. A one year double‐blind comparison of long‐acting oral (penfluridol) versus long‐acting injectable (fluphenazine decanoate) antipsychotic drugs in multiple episode schizophrenics. Psychopharmacological Bulletin 1977;12:27‐9. - PubMed
Ravaris 1965 {published data only}
    1. Ravaris CL, Weaver LA, Brooks GW. A controlled study of fluphenazine enanthate in chronic schizophrenic patients. Diseases of the Nervous System 1965;25:33‐9. - PubMed
Ravaris 1967 {published data only}
    1. Ravaris CL, Weaver LA, Brooks GW. Further studies with fluphenazine enanthate: II. Relapse rate in patients deprived of medication. Americal Journal of Psychology 1967;124:248‐9. - PubMed
Rifkin 1976 {published data only}
    1. Rifkin A, Quitkin F, Rabiner CJ, Klein DF. Comparison of fluphenazine decanoate, oral fluphenazine, and placebo in remitted outpatient schizophrenics. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1976;12:24‐6. - PubMed
Roose 1982 {published data only}
    1. Roose K. Haloperidol decanoate as a replacement therapy with intramuscular fluphenazine decanoate in schizophrenia and other chronic psychoses. Acta Psychiatria Belgique 1982;82:216‐23. - PubMed
Rossger 1997 {published data only}
    1. Rossger G, Preussler B, Rauch J, Kunze M, Lorenz S, Harting J, et al. Neuropsychological test performance of chronic schizophrenics treated with clozapine or fluphenazine ‐ a double‐blind, controlled clinical trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997;30:212. [MEDLINE: ]
Saxena 1996 {published data only}
    1. Saxena B. The value of depot neuroleptic injections in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Conference: schizophrenia 1996: Breaking down the barriers, 4th International Conference, Vancouver, B.C. Breaking down the barrires, 4th International Conference, Vancouver, B.C., Canada October 6‐9, 1996. 1996.
Schausberger 1999 {published data only}
    1. Schausberger B, Dossenbach M, Hotujac L, Folnegovic‐Smalc V, Uglesic B, Jakovljevic M. Impact of olanzapine versus fluphenazine on patient's drug acceptance during acute treatment of schizophrenia. Journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology 1999;9:S292.
    1. Schausberger B, Folnegovic‐Smalc V, Hotujac L, Uglesic B, Jakovljevic M, Dossenbach M. Impact of olanzapine vs. Fluphenazine on patient's drug acceptance during acute treatment of schizophrenia. 11th World Congress of Psychiatry; 1999 Aug 6‐11; Hamburg, Germany. 1999.
Schipper 1971 {published data only}
    1. Schipper JA. Depot neuroleptics in the treatment of schizophrenia [Depot‐neuroleptica bij de behandeling van schizofrenie]. Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde 1971;115(16):707‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schooler 1971 {published data only}
    1. Schooler NR, Boothe H, Goldberg SC. Life history and symptoms in schizophrenia. Severity at hospitalization and response to phenothiazines. Archives of General Psychiatry 1971;25(2):138‐47. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schooler 1977 {published data only}
    1. Schooler NR, Levine J. Dosage and side effect comparisons between oral and depot fluphenazine. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1977;13:29‐31. - PubMed
Schubert 1988 {published data only}
    1. Schubert H, Zangerl K, Wibmer M. On minus symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients and their reactions to neuroleptic drugs [Zur Minussymptomatik bei chronisch schizophrenen Patienten und deren Ansprechen auf Neuroleptika]. In: Bender W, Dencker SJ, Kulhanek F editor(s). Schizophrene Erkrankungen. Therapie Therapieresistenz eine Standortbestimmung. Vieweg, 1988:50‐9.
Shafti 2009 {published data only}
    1. Shafti SS. Augmentation of olanzapine by fluphenazine decanoate in poorly responsive schizophrenia. Clinical Schizophrenia and Related Psychoses 2009;3(2):97‐102.
Simpson 1970 {published data only}
    1. Simpson GM, Krakov L, Mattke D, Phard G. A controlled comparison of the treatment of schizophrenic patients when treated according to the neurologic threshold or by clinical judgment. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1970;212:38‐43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Siris 1990 {published data only}
    1. Siris SG, Bermanzohn PC, Gonzalez A, Mason SE, White CV, Shuwall MA. The use of antidepressants for negative symptoms in a subset of schizophrenic‐patients. Proceedings of the 29th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology. San Juan: Us Government Printing Office, 1990:331‐5.
Siris 1991 {published data only}
    1. Siris SG, Bermanzohn PC, Mason SE, Shuwall MA. Maintenance imipramine therapy for secondary depression in schizophrenia ‐ a controlled trial. Proceedings of the 30th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology; 1991 Dec 10. San Juan: American Medical Association, 1991:109‐15.
Steingard 1994 {published data only}
    1. Steingard S, Allen M, Schooler NR. A study of the pharmacologic treatment of medication‐compliant schizophrenics who relapse. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1994;55(11):470‐2. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Stevens 1973 {published data only}
    1. Stevens BC. Role of fluphenazine decanaote in lessening the burden of chronic schizophrenics on the community. Psychological Medicine 1973;3:141‐58. - PubMed
Tegeler 1985 {published data only}
    1. Tegeler J. A comparative trial of CIS(Z)‐clopenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate. Pharmacopsychiatria 1985;18:78‐9.
Tetreault 1969 {published data only}
    1. Tretreault L, Bordeleau JM, Albert JM, Rajotte P. Comparative study of fluphenazine ethanate, fluphenazine bichlorhydrate and placebos in chronic schizophrenics [Etude comparative de l'enanthate de fluphenazine du bichlorhydrate de fluphenazine et du placebo chez le schizophrene chronique]. Canadian Psychiatric Associative Journal 1969;14(2):191‐8. [PUBMED: 4891134] - PubMed
Tran 1998 {published data only}
    1. Tran PV, Jakovljevic M, Tollefson GD, Crawford AM, Dossenbach M, Friedel P, et al. Olanzapine versus fluphenazine: treatment of acute schizophrenic symptomatology and anxiety. Biological Psychiatry 1998;43:109S. [MEDLINE: ]
    1. Tran PV, Tollefson GD, Crawford AM, Dossenbach M, Friedel P, Folnegovic V, et al. Olanzapine versus fluphenazine in schizophrenia. 151st Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 1998 May 30‐Jun 4; Toronto, Canada. 1998.
Tsai 2004 {published data only}
    1. Tsai G, Lane HY, Yang P, Chong MY, Lange N. Glycine transporter I inhibitor, N‐Methylglycine (sarcosine), added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2004;55(5):452‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tsai 2006 {published data only}
    1. Tsai GE, Yang P, Chang Y‐C, Chong M‐Y. D‐alanine added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 2006;59(3):230‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Turner 1966 {published data only}
    1. Turner P. A comparison of fluphenazine and chlorpromazine on critical flicker fusion frequency. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 1966;18:836. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Turner 2004 {published data only}
    1. Turner M, Eerdekens E, Jacko M, Eerdekens M. Long‐acting injectable risperidone: safety and efficacy in stable patients switched from conventional depot antipsychotics. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 2004;19(4):241‐9. - PubMed
Ushakov 1990 {published data only}
    1. Ushakov IuV, Kravchenko NE, Kopeiko GI, Kalugina LI, Mirzoian MG. Neurophysiological dynamics in the treatment of endogenous depression using reflexotherapy [[data not available]]. Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova 1990;90(7):99‐104. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
van Putten 1986 {published data only}
    1. Putten T, Marder SR. Low‐dose treatment strategies. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1986;47(Suppl):12‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
van Putten 1991 {published data only}
    1. Putten T, Aravagiri M, Marder SR, Wirshing WC, Mintz J, Chabert N. Plasma fluphenazine levels and clinical response in newly admitted schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1991;27(2):91‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Verster 1998 {published data only}
    1. Verster GC, Joubert G, Stevens M, van‐der‐Merwe H. Generic substitution: comparing the clinical efficacy of a generic substitute for fluphenazine decanoate with the original product. South African Medical Journal 1998;88(3):260‐2. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Vestre 1962 {published data only}
    1. Vestre ND, Hall WB, Schiele BC. A comparison of fluphenazine, triflupromazine, and phenobarbital in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients: a double‐blind controlled study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Psychopathology 1962;23:149‐59. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Viala 1988 {published data only}
    1. Viala A, Durand A, Gouezo F, Hou N, Jorgensen A. Comparative study of the pharmacokinetics of zuclopenthixol decanoate and fluphenazine decanoate. Psychopharmacology 1988;94:293‐7. - PubMed
Villeneuve 1970 {published data only}
    1. Villeneuve A, Dogan K, Lachance R, Proulx C. A controlled study of fluspirilene in chronic schizophrenia. Current Therapeutic Research Clinical and Experimental 1970;12(12):819‐27. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Vinar 1970 {published data only}
    1. Vinar O, Taussigova D, Bastecky J, Boleloucky Z. Long acting peroral fluphenazine and its dosage in psychoses. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1970;12(3):248‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Weiden 1993 {published data only}
    1. Weiden P, Schooler NR, Severe JB, Lee HJ, Schulz SC. Stabilization and depot neuroleptic dosages. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1993;29:269‐75. - PubMed
Wiles 1990 {published data only}
    1. Wiles DM, McCreadie RG, Whitehead A. Pharmacokinetics of haloperidol and fluphenazine decanoates in chronic schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology 1990;101:274‐81. - PubMed
Winter 1973 {published data only}
    1. Winter K, Fullerton AG, Hussain K, Tarlo L. A comparative double‐blind trial of fluspirilene and fluphenazine decanoate in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Clinical Practice 1973;27(10):377‐80. - PubMed
Wistedt 1981 {published data only}
    1. Wistedt B. A controlled study of the clinical effects of the withdrawal of depot fluphenazine decanoate and depot flupenthixol decanoate in chronic schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatria Scandinavica 1981;64:65‐84. - PubMed
    1. Wistedt B, Jorgensen A, Wiles D. A depot withdrawal study. Palsma concentration of fluphenazine and flupenthixol and relapse frequency. Psychopharmacology 1982;78:301‐4. - PubMed
Wistedt 1983a {published data only}
    1. Wistedt B, Palmstierna T. Depressive symptoms in chronic schizophrenic patients after withdrawal of long‐acting neuroleptics. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1983;44:369‐71. - PubMed
Wistedt 1983b {published data only}
    1. Wistedt B, Wiles D, Jorgensen A. A depot neuroleptic withdrawal study neurological effects. Psychopharmacology 1983;80(2):101‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zapletalek 1981 {published data only}
    1. Zapletalek M, Zbytovsky J, Preiningerova O, Kindernayova H. Maintenance treatment of schizophrenia with oxyprothepine decanoate: double‐blind comparison with standard. Activis Nervosa Superior (Praha) 1981;23(3):243‐4.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Angst 1973 {published data only}
    1. Angst J, Frei M, Scharfetter C. The depot neuroleptic agent fluspirilene. Pharmakopsychiatrie und Neuropsychopharmakologie 1973;6:13‐28. - PubMed
del Giudice 1970 {published data only}
    1. Giudice J, Okun R, Clark WG. Recidivism with long acting fluphenazine. VII meeting of the International College of Neuropsychopharmacology. 1970. [MEDLINE: ]
Jue 1996 {published data only}
    1. Jue FY, Wang CZ, Yue XC, Fang YR, Xue HD, Chen SX. Flupentixol vs fluphenazine in schizophrenia patients: a randomized controlled trial. New Drugs and Clinical Remedies 1996;15(1):19‐22.
Kabes 1984 {published data only}
    1. Kabes J, Filip V, Sikora J. A multiclinical study of the effectiveness of meclopin in maintenance therapy of schizophrenic patients ‐ A DOUBLE‐blind crossover comparative study with flufenazine decanoate. Farmakoterapeuticke Zpravy 1984;30(2):159‐81.
Ravanic 1996 {published data only}
    1. Ravanic DB, Djukic‐Dejanovic SM, Stojiljkovic M, Jankovic S, Paunovic VR, Bankovic D. Antipsychotic efficacy of clozapine vs fluphenazine in positive and negative schizophrenia syndrome. Journal of Neural Transmission 1996;103:XLVI. [MEDLINE: ]
Ushakov 1990a {published data only}
    1. Ushakov IV, Kravchenko NE, Kopeiko GI, Kalugina LI, Mirzoian MG. Clinical and economic approach to evaluation of the effectiveness of moditen‐depot and haloperidol decanoate in the maintenance therapy of attack‐like schizophrenia [Klinicheskii ekonomicheskii podkhod k otsenke sravnitel'noi effektivnosti moditena‐depo i galoperidola dekanoata v podderzhi‐ vaiushchei terapii u bol’nykh pristupoobraznoi shizofreniei.]. Zhurnal Nevropatologii i Psikhiatrii Imeni S. S. Korsakova 1990;90(7):99‐104. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

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