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. 2012 Jul 5;7(19):1513-9.
doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.19.011.

Imbalance of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor-1 may contribute to hemorrhage in cerebellar arteriovenous malformations

Fei Di  1 , Tongyan Chen  2 , Hongli Li  3 , Jizong Zhao  1 , Shuo Wang  1 , Yuanli Zhao  1 , Dong Zhang  1
Affiliations

Imbalance of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor-1 may contribute to hemorrhage in cerebellar arteriovenous malformations

Fei Di et al. Neural Regen Res. .

Abstract

In this study, we determined the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 and matrix metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor-1 and -2 in brain tissues and blood plasma of patients undergoing surgery for cerebellar arteriovenous malformations or primary epilepsy (control group). Immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor-1 was significantly higher in patients with cerebellar arteriovenous malformations than in patients with primary epilepsy. The ratio of matrix metalloproteinase-9 to matrix metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor-1 was significantly higher in patients with hemorrhagic cerebellar arteriovenous malformations compared with those with non-hemorrhagic malformations. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor-2 levels were not significantly changed. These findings indicate that an imbalance of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor-1, resulting in a relative overabundance of matrix metalloproteinase-9, might be the underlying mechanism of hemorrhage of cerebellar arteriovenous malformations.

Keywords: cerebellar arteriovenous malformations; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; hemorrhage; immunohistochemistry; matrix metalloproteinase-2; matrix metalloproteinase-9; neural regeneration; tissue matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor-1; tissue matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor-2.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of interest: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in brain tissue in each group (immunohistochemistry). Cells positive for MMP-2/9 and TIMP-1/2 (arrows refer to immunopositive cells with brown-red granules) were located in the endochylema in the control and CAVM-N groups, and in vascular endothelial cells and vascular outer layer in the CAVM-H group. CAVM-H: Hemorrhagic patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation; CAVM-N: non-hemorrhagic patients with cerebral arteriovenous malformation; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP: matrix metalloproteinase tissue inhibitor.
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