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. 2014 Nov 3;3(1):38.
doi: 10.1186/2049-9957-3-38. eCollection 2014.

Circulation of the low pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N2 virus in ducks at a live bird market in Ibadan, Nigeria

Temitope Coker  1 , Clement Meseko  1 , Georgina Odaibo  1 , David Olaleye  1
Affiliations

Circulation of the low pathogenic avian influenza subtype H5N2 virus in ducks at a live bird market in Ibadan, Nigeria

Temitope Coker et al. Infect Dis Poverty. .

Abstract

Background: To monitor carrier hosts of avian influenza in Nigeria, we randomly collected cloaca swab specimens from 155 ducks at a live bird market (LBM) in Ibadan, southwest Nigeria, between July 2011 and July 2012.

Methods: The samples were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus isolation was carried out in embryonated chicken eggs. Partial sequencing of the antigenic cleavage site of the haemagglutinin (HA) gene was performed, multiple sequence alignment was carried out using ClustalW, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor joining method.

Results: Twenty (13%) of the 155 samples were positive for avian influenza subtype H5N2 by real-time RT-PCR and three isolates were obtained from embryonated chicken eggs. Partial sequencing of the amino acid cleavage site of the HA genes of two isolates corresponded to a PQRETGL*F sequence that is common in low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI). Phylogenetically, the HA genes of the two influenza viruses are monophyletic and clustered with H5N2 viruses detected in wild ducks from Africa.

Conclusion: The occurrence of LPAI in domestic ducks in Nigeria underscores the importance of continuous surveillance and monitoring of the virus (in a country that is considered to be free of avian influenza) in order to prevent the emergence of virulent strains that may spread to commercial poultry and humans.

Keywords: Circulation; Domestic ducks; LPAI H5N2; Live bird market; Nigeria.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Ducks in cane baskets at a live bird market, Ibadan, Nigeria. The birds collected from rural flocks are brought to the market in cane baskets and sold live for slaughter or re-distributed as domestic flock.
Figure 2
Figure 2
RT-PCR curve of influenza A/H5 subtype. The RT-PCR curve of influenza A/H5 subtyping: (a-positive control, c, and b-positive samples all showing exponential rise in the graph; d-negative control and all other lines without exponential rise were negative). The cycle threshold (CT) for both positive control and positive samples is 25 as shown in the x-axis.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Phylogenetic tree of the HA gene of LPAI H5N2 virus from Ibadan, Nigeria. Phylogenetically, the HA gene of the two LPAI H5N2 domestic duck isolates from Ibadan, Nigeria are monophyletic (100% homologous indicated at the node) and clustered with other H5N2 isolates from wild ducks in Africa and Europe.
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