Whole blood gene expression profiles distinguish clinical phenotypes of venous thromboembolism

Abstract

Introduction: Recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurs infrequently following a provoked event but occurs in up to 30% of individuals following an initial unprovoked event. There is limited understanding of the biological mechanisms that predispose patients to recurrent VTE.

Objectives: To identify whole blood gene expression profiles that distinguished patients with clinically distinct patterns of VTE.

Patients/methods: We studied 107 patients with VTE separated into 3 groups: (1) 'low-risk' patients had one or more provoked VTE; (2) 'moderate-risk' patients had a single unprovoked VTE; (3) 'high-risk' patients had ≥2 unprovoked VTE. Each patient group was also compared to twenty-five individuals with no personal history of VTE. Total RNA from whole blood was isolated and hybridized to Illumina HT-12V4 Beadchips to assay whole genome expression.

Results: Using class prediction analysis, we distinguished high-risk patients from low-risk patients and healthy controls with good receiver operating curve characteristics (AUC=0.81 and 0.84, respectively). We also distinguished moderate-risk individuals and low-risk individuals from healthy controls with AUC's of 0.69 and 0.80, respectively. Using differential expression analysis, we identified several genes previously implicated in thrombotic disorders by genetic analyses, including SELP, KLKB1, ANXA5, and CD46. Protein levels for several of the identified genes were not significantly different between the different groups.

Conclusion: Gene expression profiles are capable of distinguishing patients with different clinical presentations of VTE, and genes relevant to VTE risk are frequently differentially expressed in these comparisons.

Keywords: deep-vein thrombosis; gene expression profiling; venous thrombosis.

Fig. 1

Biomarker Levels in the Plasma or Serum of Study Participants. (A) factor XI, (B) annexin A5, (C) sP-selectin, (D) endothelin-1 and (E) CD46 levels were measured in plasma or serum samples collected at the same time as the PAXgene tubes as described in the Material and Methods section. The abbreviations used include: HR, high-risk group; MR, moderate-risk group; LR, low-risk group; and Con, Healthy controls. The mean and 95% confidence intervals are indicated on each graph.