Maternal X chromosome copy number variations are associated with discordant fetal sex chromosome aneuploidies detected by noninvasive prenatal testing

Abstract

Background: The sensitivity and specificity of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for detection of sex chromosome aneuploidies (SCAs) compared to common autosomal trisomies are significantly lower. We speculated that in addition to altered maternal X chromosome karyotype, maternal X chromosome copy number variations (CNVs) may also contribute to discordant NIPT SCA results.

Methods: Clinical NIPT was performed for pregnant women at a single hospital. Copy number variation sequencing (CNV-Seq) was used to identify and quantitate the copy number of maternal X chromosome CNVs for each positive SCA pregnancy.

Results: Two out of 25 SCA positive NIPT samples had slightly abnormal ChrX/ChrY z-scores and were referred for invasive test confirmation. However, fetal karyotypes were found to be normal. CNV-Seq analysis of the maternal white blood cell DNA archived from the original two NIPT blood samples identified small CNVs spanning the STS gene, which is associated with X-linked ichthyosis. Correcting for the altered plasma levels of X chromosome DNA caused by the two CNVs and, taking into consideration the phenotypic consequences for X-linked disease, both fetuses were diagnosed as normal.

Conclusions: Maternal DNA sequencing is recommended for all positive NIPT SCA results to avoid unnecessary referral for invasive testing and also to evaluate the risk to the fetus of X-linked disease.

Keywords: Copy number variation; Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis; Sequencing; Sex chromosome aneuploidy; X-linked disease.