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Meta-Analysis
. 2015 Feb 24;2015(2):CD003263.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003263.pub5.

Interventions for vitiligo

Maxine E Whitton  1 , Mariona Pinart, Jonathan Batchelor, Jo Leonardi-Bee, Urbà González, Zainab Jiyad, Viktoria Eleftheriadou, Khaled Ezzedine
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Interventions for vitiligo

Maxine E Whitton et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Vitiligo is a chronic skin disorder characterised by patchy loss of skin colour. Some people experience itching before the appearance of a new patch. It affects people of any age or ethnicity, more than half of whom develop it before the age of 20 years. There are two main types: generalised vitiligo, the common symmetrical form, and segmental, affecting only one side of the body. Around 1% of the world's population has vitiligo, a disease causing white patches on the skin. Several treatments are available. Some can restore pigment but none can cure the disease.

Objectives: To assess the effects of all therapeutic interventions used in the management of vitiligo.

Search methods: We updated our searches of the following databases to October 2013: the Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Register, CENTRAL in The Cochrane Library (2013, Issue 10), MEDLINE, Embase, AMED, PsycINFO, CINAHL and LILACS. We also searched five trials databases, and checked the reference lists of included studies for further references to relevant randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

Selection criteria: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of treatments for vitiligo.

Data collection and analysis: At least two review authors independently assessed study eligibility and methodological quality, and extracted data.

Main results: This update of the 2010 review includes 96 studies, 57 from the previous update and 39 new studies, totalling 4512 participants. Most of the studies, covering a wide range of interventions, had fewer than 50 participants. All of the studies assessed repigmentation, however only five reported on all of our three primary outcomes which were quality of life, > 75% repigmentation and adverse effects. Of our secondary outcomes, six studies measured cessation of spread but none assessed long-term permanence of repigmentation resulting from treatment at two years follow-up.Most of the studies assessed combination therapies which generally reported better results. New interventions include seven new surgical interventions.We analysed the data from 25 studies which assessed our primary outcomes. We used the effect measures risk ratio (RR), and odds ratio (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI) and where N is the number of participants in the study.We were only able to analyse one of nine studies assessing quality of life and this showed no statistically significant improvement between the comparators.Nine analyses from eight studies reported >75% repigmentation. In the following studies the repigmentation was better in the combination therapy group: calcipotriol plus PUVA (psoralen with UVA light) versus PUVA (paired OR 4.25, 95% CI 1.43 to 12.64, one study, N = 27); hydrocortisone-17-butyrate plus excimer laser versus excimer laser alone (RR 2.57, 95% CI 1.20 to 5.50, one study, N = 84); oral minipulse of prednisolone (OMP) plus NB-UVB (narrowband UVB) versus OMP alone (RR 7.41, 95% CI 1.03 to 53.26, one study, N = 47); azathioprine with PUVA versus PUVA alone (RR 17.77, 95% CI 1.08 to 291.82, one study, N = 58) and 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP ) plus sunlight versus psoralen (RR 2.50, 95% CI 1.06 to 5.91, one study, N = 168). In these three studies ginkgo biloba was better than placebo (RR 4.40, 95% CI 1.08 to 17.95, one study, N = 47); clobetasol propionate was better than PUVAsol (PUVA with sunlight) (RR 4.70, 95% CI 1.14 to 19.39, one study, N = 45); split skin grafts with PUVAsol was better than minipunch grafts with PUVAsol (RR 1.89, 95% CI 1.25 to 2.85, one study, N = 64).We performed one meta-analysis of three studies, in which we found a non-significant 60% increase in the proportion of participants achieving >75% repigmentation in favour of NB-UVB compared to PUVA (RR 1.60, 95% CI 0.74 to 3.45; I² = 0%).Studies assessing topical preparations, in particular topical corticosteroids, reported most adverse effects. However, in combination studies it was difficult to ascertain which treatment caused these effects. We performed two analyses from a pooled analysis of three studies on adverse effects. Where NB-UVB was compared to PUVA, the NB-UVB group reported less observations of nausea in three studies (RR 0.13, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.69; I² = 0% three studies, N = 156) and erythema in two studies (RR 0.73, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.98; I² = 0%, two studies, N = 106), but not itching in two studies (RR 0.57, 95% CI 0.20 to 1.60; I² = 0%, two studies, N = 106).Very few studies only assessed children or included segmental vitiligo. We found one study of psychological interventions but we could not include the outcomes in our statistical analyses. We found no studies evaluating micropigmentation, depigmentation, or cosmetic camouflage.

Authors' conclusions: This review has found some evidence from individual studies to support existing therapies for vitiligo, but the usefulness of the findings is limited by the different designs and outcome measurements and lack of quality of life measures. There is a need for follow-up studies to assess permanence of repigmentation as well as high- quality randomised trials using standardised measures and which also address quality of life.

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Conflict of interest statement

Jonathan Batchelor: "I was an investigator on the HI‐Light Pilot RCT, assessing hand‐held NB‐UVB units for early, focal vitiligo. I am Chief Investigator for the main HI‐Light Trial (started recruiting in 2015), which will assess the combination of hand‐held NB‐UVB units and topical mometasone furoate ointment. I have attended or lectured at educational events that were partly or fully funded by sponsorship from a number of pharmaceutical companies that produce topical treatments that can be used to treat vitiligo. These companies include Astellas, Dermal, Galderma, Leo, Pfizer, and Stiefel (a GSK company)." Dr Viktoria Eleftheriadou: "I conducted and led a pilot HI‐Light trial for home phototherapy for vitiligo in 2012, as part of my PhD funded by the NIHR. This trial is now published. In addition, I am also a co‐applicant on a successful NIHR grant application for the conduct of a national trial on home phototherapy for vitiligo (HI‐Light trial). This trial is currently in preparation." Maxine Whitton: "I was involved in the HI‐Light pilot trial and am currently involved in the multicentre trial assessing hand‐held NB‐UVB devices combined with topical corticosteroid for early onset vitiligo." Mariona Pinart: nothing to declare. Khaled Ezzedine: nothing to declare. Jo Leonardi‐Bee: nothing to declare. Zainab Jiyad: nothing to declare. Urbà González: nothing to declare. Clinical referee, Dr Mauro Picardo: "I am the author of two papers reported in the review."

Figures

1
1
Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
2
2
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
3
3
Methodological quality graph (review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies) of the last version of the review (Whitton 2010)
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROID: hydrocortisone 17‐butyrate plus laser versus excimer laser, Outcome 1 Quality of life: Skindex‐29.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROID: hydrocortisone 17‐butyrate plus laser versus excimer laser, Outcome 2 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROID: clobetasol propionate versus 8‐MOP plus sunlight, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 TOPICAL CORTICOSTEROID: mometasone furoate versus pimecrolimus, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (>75%).
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 TOPICAL VITAMIN D ANALOGUE: tacalcitol plus sunlight versus placebo plus sunlight, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 TOPICAL VITAMIN D ANALOGUE: calcipotriol plus NB‐UVB versus NB‐UVB, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (>75%).
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 TOPICAL VITAMIN D ANALOGUE: calcipotriol plus PUVA versus PUVA, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (>75%).
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 TOPICAL: superoxide dismutase and catalase versus tacrolimus, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (>75%).
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 TOPICAL CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR: pimecrolimus versus tacrolimus, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (>75%).
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 TOPICAL CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR: pimecrolimus plus NB‐UVB versus placebo plus NB‐UVB, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 TOPICAL CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR: tacrolimus plus vitamin E with MEL versus vitamin E with MEL, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (>75%).
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 ORAL: Vitamin E plus NB‐UVB versus NB‐UVB, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (>75%).
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 ORAL: ginkgo biloba versus placebo, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
13.1
13.1. Analysis
Comparison 13 ORAL: oral minipulses of betamethasone (OMP) plus NB‐UVB versus OMP, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
14.1
14.1. Analysis
Comparison 14 ORAL: oral minipulses of betamethasone (OMP) plus 8‐MOP plus UVA versus OMP, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
15.1
15.1. Analysis
Comparison 15 ORAL: oral minipulses of betamethasone (OMP) plus BB‐UVB versus OMP, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
16.1
16.1. Analysis
Comparison 16 ORAL: azathioprine plus 8‐MOP plus UVA versus 8‐MOP plus UVA, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
17.1
17.1. Analysis
Comparison 17 ORAL: antioxidant pool (alpha lipoic acid, vitamins C and E and fatty acids) plus NB‐UVB versus NB‐UVB, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
18.1
18.1. Analysis
Comparison 18 LIGHT THERAPY: NB‐UVB versus Psoralen + UVA (PUVA), Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (>75%).
18.2
18.2. Analysis
Comparison 18 LIGHT THERAPY: NB‐UVB versus Psoralen + UVA (PUVA), Outcome 2 Adverse events.
19.1
19.1. Analysis
Comparison 19 LIGHT THERAPY: 8‐MOP plus TMP plus sunlight versus placebo, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
20.1
20.1. Analysis
Comparison 20 LIGHT THERAPY: TMP plus sunlight versus other treatments/placebo, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
21.1
21.1. Analysis
Comparison 21 LIGHT THERAPY: psoralen plus sunlight (PUVAsol) versus other treatments/placebo, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
22.1
22.1. Analysis
Comparison 22 LIGHT THERAPY: 8‐MOP plus sunlight versus other treatments/placebo, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
23.1
23.1. Analysis
Comparison 23 ORAL: trimethylpsoralen plus sunlight/sun lamp versus placebo plus sunlight/sun lamp, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (>75%).
24.1
24.1. Analysis
Comparison 24 LIGHT THERAPY: BB‐UVA versus NB‐UVB, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (>75%).
25.1
25.1. Analysis
Comparison 25 SURGICAL: minipunch grafting plus 8‐MOP plus sunlight versus split skin grafting plus 8‐MOP plus sunlight, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
26.1
26.1. Analysis
Comparison 26 SURGICAL: autologous noncultured epidermal cell suspension (NCES) versus autologous noncultured extracted hair follicle outer root sheath cell suspension (NCORSHFS), Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (>75%).
27.1
27.1. Analysis
Comparison 27 SURGICAL: skin graft (1/3 the size of recipient area) versus skin graft (1/5 size), Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (> 75%).
28.1
28.1. Analysis
Comparison 28 SURGICAL: melanocytes suspended in normal saline versus melanocytes suspended in patient's own serum, Outcome 1 Percentage repigmentation (>75%).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

Comment in

  • Interventions for Vitiligo.
    Ezzedine K, Whitton M, Pinart M. Ezzedine K, et al. JAMA. 2016 Oct 25;316(16):1708-1709. doi: 10.1001/jama.2016.12399. JAMA. 2016. PMID: 27784078

References

References to studies included in this review

Agarwal 2005 {published data only}
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    1. Anbar TS, Westerhof W, Abdel‐Rahman AT, Ewis AA, El‐Khayyat MA. Effect of one session of ER:YAG laser ablation plus topical 5Fluorouracil on the outcome of short‐term NB‐UVB phototherapy in the treatment of non‐segmental vitiligo: A left‐right comparative study. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 2008;24(6):322‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Arca 2006 {published data only}
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Asawanonda 2010 {published data only}
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Bakis‐Petsoglou 2009 {published data only}
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Bansal 2013 {published data only}
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Barman 2004 {published data only}
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Bayoumi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Bayoumi W, Fontas E, Sillard L, Duff F, Ortonne JP, Bahadoran P, et al. Effect of a preceding laser dermabrasion on the outcome of combined therapy with narrowband ultraviolet B and potent topical steroids for treating nonsegmental vitiligo in resistant localizations. British Journal of Dermatology 2012;166(1):208‐11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bhatnagar 2007 {published data only}
    1. Bhatnagar A, Kanwar AJ, Parsad D, De D. Comparison of systemic PUVA and NB‐UVB in the treatment of vitiligo: An open prospective study. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2007;21(5):638‐42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Budania 2012 {published data only}
    1. Budania A, Parsad D, Kanwar AJ, Dogra S. Comparison between autologous non cultured epidermal cell suspension and suction blister epidermal grafting in stable vitiligo: a randomized study. British Journal of Dermatology 2012;167(6):1295‐301. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Casacci 2007 {published data only}
    1. Casacci M, Thomas P, Pacifico A, Bonnevalle A, Paro Vidolin A, Leone G. Comparison between 308‐nm monochromatic excimer light and narrowband UVB phototherapy (311‐313 nm) in the treatment of vitiligo ‐ A multi‐centre controlled study. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2007;21(7):956‐63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Cestari 2001 {published data only}
    1. Cestari TF, Correia R, Dias MCS, Albaneze R, Fernandes E. Comparative study of two psoralens in topical phototherapy for vitiligo [Estudo comparativo entre dois psoralenos na fototerapia topica do vitiligo]. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 2001;76(6):683‐92. [EMBASE: 2002077177]
Czajkowski 2004 {published data only}
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Dawid 2006 {published data only}
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Dell'Anna 2007 {published data only}
    1. Dell'Anna ML, Mastrofrancesco A, Sala R, Venturini M, Ottaviani M, Vidolin AP, et al. Antioxidants and narrow band UVB in the treatment of vitiligo: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 2007;32(6):631‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
de Macedo 2012 {published data only}
    1. de Macedo, AC, Oliveira CF, SILVA ECM, Andrade LAS. Application purposes of HeNe L.A.S.E.R.and ultraviolet B in vitiligo [Efeitos da aplicação do L.A.S.E.R. HeNe e do ultravioleta B no vitiligo]. Fisioterapia em Movimento 2012;25(3):481‐8.
Elgoweini 2009 {published data only}
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El Mofty 2006a {published data only}
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El Mofty 2013a {published data only}
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El Mofty 2013b {published data only}
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El‐Zawahry 2012 {published data only}
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Ermis 2001 {published data only}
    1. Ermis O, Alpsoy E, Cetin L, Yilmaz E. Is the efficacy of psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy for vitiligo enhanced by concurrent topical calcipotriol? A placebo‐controlled double‐blind study. British Journal of Dermatology 2001;145(3):472‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Esfandiarpour 2009 {published data only}
    1. Esfandiarpour I, Ekhlasi A, Farajzadeh S, Shamsadini S. The efficacy of pimecrolimus 1% cream plus narrow‐band ultraviolet B in the treatment of vitiligo: a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2009;20(1):14‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Farah 1967 {published data only}
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Farajzadeh 2009 {published data only}
    1. Farajzadeh S, Daraei Z, Esfandiarpour I, Hosseini SH. The efficacy of pimecrolimus 1% cream combined with microdermabrasion in the treatment of non‐segmental childhood vitiligo: A randomized placebo‐controlled study. Pediatric Dermatology 2009;26(3):286‐91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Galarza 2009 {published data only}
    1. Galarza C, Ramos W, Gutierrez EL, Oré R, Chía H, Ávila J, et al. Efficacy and security of topical antioxidant therapy versus placebo in the treatment of vitiligo of recent onset [Eficacia y seguridad de la terapia tópica antioxidante versus placebo en el tratamiento del vitíligo generalizado de reciente inicio]. Dermatología Peruana 2009;19:198‐204.
Ghosh 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ghosh D, Kuchroo P, Viswanathan C, Sachan S, Shah B, Bhatt D, et al. Efficacy and safety of autologous cultured melanocytes delivered on poly (DL‐lactic acid) film: a prospective, open‐label, randomized, multicenter study. Dermatologic Surgery 2012;38(12):1981‐90. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Goldinger 2007 {published data only}
    1. Goldinger SM, Dummer R, Schmid P, Burg G, Seifert B, Läuchli S. Combination of 308‐nm xenon chloride excimer laser and topical calcipotriol in vitiligo. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2007;21(4):504‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hamzavi 2004 {published data only}
    1. Hamzavi I, Jain H, McLean D, Shapiro J, Zeng H, Liu H. Parametric modeling of narrowband UV‐B phototherapy for vitiligo using a novel quantitative tool: the Vitiligo Area Scoring Index. Archives of Dermatology 2004;140(6):677‐83. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ho 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ho N, Pope E, Weinstein M, Greenberg S, Webster C, Krafchik BR. A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of topical tacrolimus 0.1% vs. clobetasol propionate 0.05% in childhood vitiligo. British Journal of Dermatology 2011;165(3):626‐32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hofer 2005 {published data only}
    1. Hofer A, Hassan AS, Legat FJ, Kerl H, Wolf P. Optimal weekly frequency of 308‐nm excimer laser treatment in vitiligo patients. British Journal of Dermatology 2005;152(5):981‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hui‐Lan 2009 {published data only}
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Kandil 1974 {published data only}
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Kathuria 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kathuria S, Khaitan BK, Ramam M, Sharma VK. Segmental vitiligo: A randomized controlled trial to evaluate efficacy and safety of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment vs 0.05% fluticasone propionate cream. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology 2012;78(1):68‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kawalek 2004 {published data only}
    1. Kawalek AZ, Spencer JM, Phelps RG. Combined excimer laser and topical tacrolimus for the treatment of vitiligo: a pilot study. Dermatologic Surgery 2004;30(2 Pt 1):130‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Khalid 1995 {published data only}
    1. Khalid M, Mujtaba G, Haroon TS. Comparison of 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream and topical PUVAsol in childhood vitiligo. International Journal of Dermatology 1995;34(3):203‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Khandpur 2005 {published data only}
    1. Khandpur S, Sharma VK, Manchanda Y. Comparison of minipunch grafting versus split‐skin grafting in chronic stable vitiligo. Dermatologic Surgery 2005;31(4):436‐41. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Klahan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Klahan S, Asawanonda P. Topical tacrolimus may enhance repigmentation with targeted narrowband ultraviolet B to treat vitiligo: a randomized, controlled study. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 2009;34(8):e1029‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Köse 2010 {published data only}
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Kumaran 2006 {published data only}
    1. Kumaran MS, Kaur I, Kumar B. Effect of topical calcipotriol, betamethasone dipropionate and their contribution in the treatment of localized vitiligo. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2006;20(3):269‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Le Duff 2010 {published data only}
    1. Duff F, Fontas E, Giacchero D, Sillard L, Lacour JP, Ortonne JP, et al. 308‐nm excimer lamp vs. 308‐nm excimer laser for treating vitiligo: a randomized study. British Journal of Dermatology 2010;163(1):188‐92. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Leone 2006 {published data only}
    1. Leone G, Pacifico A, Iacovelli P, Paro Vidolin A, Picardo M. Tacalcitol and narrow‐band phototherapy in patients with vitiligo. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 2006;31(2):200‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lepe 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lepe V, Moncada B, Castanedo‐Cazares JP, Torres‐Alvarez MB, Ortiz CA, Torres‐Rubalcava AB. A double‐blind randomised trial of 0.1% tacrolimus vs 0.05% clobetasol for the treatment of childhood vitiligo. Archives of Dermatology 2003;139(5):581‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lim‐Ong 2005 {published data only}
    1. Lim‐Ong M, Leveriza RMS, Ong BET, Frez MLF. Comparison between narrow‐band UVB with topical corticosteroid and narrow‐band UVB with placebo in the treatment of vitiligo: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the Phillipine Dermatological Society 2005;14:17‐25.
Linthorst Homan 2012 {published data only}
    1. Linthorst Homan MW, Spuls PI, Nieuweboer‐Krobotova L, Korte J, Sprangers MA, Bos JD, et al. A randomized comparison of excimer laser versus narrow‐band ultraviolet B phototherapy after punch grafting in stable vitiligo patients. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2012;26(6):690‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lu‐Yan 2006 {published data only}
    1. Lu‐yan T, Wen‐wen F, Lei‐hong X, Yi J, Zhi‐zhong Z. Topical tacalcitol and 308‐nm monochromatic excimer light: a synergistic combination for the treatment of vitiligo. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 2006;22(6):310‐4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mehrabi 2006 {published data only}
    1. Mehrabi D, Pandya A. A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial comparing narrowband UVB plus tacrolimus 0.1% ointment vs narrowband UVB pls placebo ointment in the treatment of generalized vitiligo; 2005 63rd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2005;52(Suppl):P167.
    1. Mehrabi D, Pandya AG. A randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial comparing narrowband UV‐B plus 0.1% tacrolimus ointment with narrowband UV‐B plus placebo in the treatment of generalized vitiligo. Archives of Dermatology 2006;142(7):927‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Middelkamp‐Hup 2007 {published data only}
    1. Middelkamp‐Hup MA, Bos JD, Rius‐Diaz F, Gonzalez S, Westerhof W. Treatment of vitiligo vulgaris with narrow‐band UVB and oral Polypodium leucotomos extract: a randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled study. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2007;21(7):942‐50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Mohaghegh 2012 {published data only}
    1. Mohaghegh F, Asilian A, Faghihi G, Adibi N. A comparison between the efficacy of narrow band ultra violet B phototherapy with and without needling of the lesion in the treatment of vitiligo. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2012;17(1 Suppl 1):S131‐133. [EMBASE: 2013471633]
Navarro 2002 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Navarro JR, Canales AA, Salado Ponce H, el al. Autologous skin minigraft and ingestion of 8‐methoxypsoralen in patients with stable vitiligo vulgaris. Dermatologia Revista Mexicana 2002;46:260‐7.
Nistico 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nistico S, Chiricozzi A, Saraceno R, Schipani C, Chimenti S. Vitiligo treatment with monochromatic excimer light and tacrolimus: results of an open randomized controlled study. Photomedicine & Laser Surgery 2012;30(1):26‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Nordal 2011 {published data only}
    1. Nordal EJ, Guleng GE, Ronnevig JR. Treatment of vitiligo with narrowband‐UVB (TL01) combined with tacrolimus ointment (0.1%) vs. placebo ointment, a randomized right/left double‐blind comparative study. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2011;25(12):1440‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Oh 2011 {published data only}
    1. Oh SH, Kim T, Jee H, Do JE, Lee JH. Combination treatment of non‐segmental vitiligo with a 308‐nm xenon chloride excimer laser and topical high‐concentration tacalcitol: a prospective, single‐blinded, paired, comparative study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2011;65(2):428‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ozdemir 2002 {published data only}
    1. Ozdemir M, Cetinkale O, Wolf R, Kotogyan A, Mat C, Tüzün B, et al. Comparison of two surgical approaches for treating vitiligo: a preliminary study. International Journal of Dermatology 2002;41(3):135‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Papadopoulos 2004 {published data only}
    1. Papadopoulos L, Walker C, Anthis L. Living with vitiligo: A controlled investigation into the effects of group cognitive‐behavioural and humanistic therapies. Dermatology & Psychosomatics 2004;5(4):172‐7. [DOI: 10.1159/000083091] - DOI
Paracha 2010 {published data only}
    1. Paracha MM, Khurshid K, Pal SS, Zafar A. Comparison of treatment with tacrolimus 0.03% and superoxide dismutase and catalase in vitiligo. Journal of Postgraduate Medical Institute 2010;24(2):115‐21.
Parsad 1998 {published data only}
    1. Parsad D, Saini R, Verma N. Combination of PUVAsol and topical calcipotriol in vitiligo. Dermatology 1998;197(2):167‐70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Parsad 2003b {published data only}
    1. Parsad D, Pandhi R, Juneja A. Effectiveness of oral Ginkgo biloba in treating limited, slowly spreading vitiligo. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 2003;28(3):285‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Passeron 2004 {published data only}
    1. Passeron T, Ostovari N, Zakaria W, Fontas E, Larrouy JC, Lacour JP, et al. Topical tacrolimus and the 308‐nm excimer laser: a synergistic combination for the treatment of vitiligo. Archives of Dermatology 2004;140(9):1065‐9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pathak 1984 {published data only}
    1. Pathak MA, Mosher DB, Fitzpatrick TB. Safety and therapeutic effectiveness of 8‐methoxypsoralen, 4,5',8‐trimethylpsoralen, and psoralen in vitiligo. National Cancer Institute Monograph 1984;66:165‐73. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Procaccini 1995 {published data only}
    1. Procaccini EM, Riccio G, Monfrecola G. Ineffectiveness of topical khellin in photochemotherapy of vitiligo. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 1995;6(2):117‐20. [EMBASE: 1995218202]
Radakovic 2009 {published data only}
    1. Radakovic S, Breier‐Maly J, Konschitzky R, Kittler H, Sator P, Hoenigsmann H, et al. Response of vitiligo to once‐ vs. twice‐daily topical tacrolimus: a controlled prospective, randomized, observer‐blinded trial. Journal of European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2009;23(8):951‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Radmanesh 2006 {published data only}
    1. Radmanesh M, Saedi K. The efficacy of combined PUVA and low‐dose azathioprine for early and enhanced repigmentation in vitiligo patients. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2006;17(3):151‐3. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rath 2008 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Rath N, Kar HK, Sabhnani S. An open labelled, comparative clinical study on efficacy and tolerability of oral minipulse of steroid (OMP) alone, OMP with PUVA and broad/narrow band UVB phototherapy in progressive vitiligo. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology 2008;74(4):357‐60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Reyes 2006 {published data only}
    1. Reyes E, Jaén P, las Heras E, Carrión F, Alvarez‐Mon M, Eusebio E, et al. Systematic immunomodulatory effects of Polypodium leucotomos as an adjuvant to PUVA therapy in generalized vitiligo: A pilot study. Journal of Dermatological Science 2006;41(3):213‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rodriguez‐Martin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Rodriguez‐Martin M, Bustinduy MG, Saez Rodriguez M, Noda Cabrera A. Randomized, double‐blind clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of topical tacalcitol and sunlight exposure in the treatment of adult nonsegmental vitiligo. British Journal of Dermatology 2009;160(2):409‐14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rojas‐Urdaneta 2007 {published data only}
    1. Rojas‐Urdaneta JE, Poleo‐Romero AG. Evaluation of an antioxidant and mitochondria‐stimulating cream formula in the skin of patients with stable common vitiligo [Evaluacion de una formlacion antioxidante y estimuladora mitocondrial en piel de pacientes con vitiligo vulgar estable]. Investigacion Clinica 2007;48(1):21‐31. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ruiz‐Maldonado 1975 {published data only}
    1. Ruiz‐Maldonado R, Tamayo‐Sanchez L. 4‐5‐8 trimethylpsoralen in vitiligo. Controlled study of its therapeutic and toxic effect in children [4‐5‐8 trimetilpsoralen en vitiligo. Estudio controlado de su efecto terapeutico y toxico en los ninos]. Actas Dermo‐Sifiliograficas 1975;66(9‐10):513‐26. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sahni 2011 {published data only}
    1. Sahni K, Parsad D, Kanwar AJ, Mehta SD. Autologous noncultured melanocyte transplantation for stable vitiligo: can suspending autologous melanocytes in the patients' own serum improve repigmentation and patient satisfaction?. Dermatologic Surgery 2011;37(2):176‐82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sanclemente 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sanclemente G, Garcia JJ, Zuleta JJ, Diehl C, Correa C, Falabella R. A double‐blind randomized trial of 0.05% betamethasone vs. topical catalase/dismutase superoxide in vitiligo. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2008;22(11):1359‐64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sapam 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sapam R, Agrawal S, Dhali TK. Systemic PUVA vs. narrowband UVB in the treatment of vitiligo: a randomized controlled study. International Journal of Dermatology 2012;51(9):1107‐15. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sassi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sassi F, Cazzaniga S, Tessari G, Chatenoud L, Reseghetti A, Marchesi L, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing the effectiveness of 308‐nm excimer laser alone or in combination with topical hydrocortisone 17‐butyrate cream in the treatment of vitiligo of the face and neck. British Journal of Dermatology 2008;159(5):1186‐91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Satyanarayan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Satyanarayan HS, Kanwar AJ, Vinay K. Efficacy and tolerability of combined treatment with NB‐UVB and topical tacrolimus versus NB‐UVB alone in patients with vitiligo vulgaris: a randomized intra‐individual open comparative trial. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology 2013;79(4):525‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schallreuter 2002 {published data only}
    1. Schallreuter KU, Moore J, Behrens‐Williams S, Panske A, Harari M. Rapid initiation of repigmentation in vitiligo with Dead Sea climatotherapy in combination with pseudocatalase (PC‐KUS). International Journal of Dermatology 2002;41(8):482‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sharquie 2005 {published and unpublished data}
    1. Sharquie KE, Abdulla MS. Treatment of vitiligo with topical 15% lactic acid solution in combination with ultra violet‐A. Saudi Medical Journal 2005;26(6):1013‐5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sheth 2012 {published data only}
    1. Sheth VM, Currimbhoy SD, Feetham HJ, Graves MS, Chan J, Hynan LS, et al. Efficacy of narrowband ultraviolet B versus excimer radiation in repigmenting vitiligo after minigrafting on the distal arms. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2012;67(2):318‐20. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shi 2008 {published data only}
    1. Shi N, Chen YJ, Wang J, Ni H. Clinical observation on the effect of Zengse pill in treating patients with vitiligo of Qi‐stagnancy and blood‐stasis syndrome type. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2008;14(4):303‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shi 2013 {published data only}
    1. Shi Q, Li K, Fu J, Wang Y, Ma C, Li Q, et al. Comparison of the 308‐nm excimer laser with the 308‐nm excimer lamp in the treatment of vitiligo‐‐a randomized bilateral comparison study. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 2013;29(1):27‐33. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Shi Q, Li K, Li Q, Li C‐Y, Gao T‐W. Comparison between 308 nm excimer laser and 308 nm excimer lamp in the treatment of vitiligo: a randomized self‐control study. Journal of Dermatology 2nd Eastern Asia Dermatology Congress Beijing China. 2012.
Shin 2012 {published data only}
    1. Shin J, Lee JS, Hann SK, Oh SH. Combination treatment by 10 600 nm ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser and narrowband ultraviolet B in refractory nonsegmental vitiligo: a prospective, randomized half‐body comparative study. British Journal of Dermatology 2012;166(3):658‐61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Siddiqui 1994 {published data only}
    1. Siddiqui AH, Stolk LM, Bhaggoe R, Hu R, Schutgens RB, Westerhof W. L‐phenylalanine and UVA irradiation in the treatment of vitiligo. Dermatology 1994;188(3):215‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Singh 2013 {published data only}
    1. Singh C, Parsad D, Kanwar AJ, Dogra S, Kumar R. Comparison between autologus noncultured extracted hair follicle outer root sheath cell suspension and autologous noncultured epidermal cell suspension in the treatment of stable vitiligo: a randomized study. British Journal of Dermatology 2013;169(2):287‐93. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Souto 1997 {published data only}
    1. Souto MG, Manhaes AMH, Milhomens CH, Succi ICB. Comparative study between melagenina and placebo in the treatment of vitiligo [Estudio comparativo entre melagenina e placebo no tratamento do vitiligo]. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia 1997;72(3):237‐9. [EMBASE: 1997206939]
Stinco 2009 {published data only}
    1. Stinco G, Piccirillo F, Forcione M, Valent F, Patrone P. An open randomized study to compare narrow band UVB, topical pimecrolimus and topical tacrolimus in the treatment of vitiligo. European Journal of Dermatology 2009;19(6):588‐93. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tegta 2006 {published data only}
    1. Tegta GR, Parsad D, Majumdar S, Kumar B. Efficacy of autologous transplantation of noncultured epidermal suspension in two different dilutions in the treatment of vitiligo. International Journal of Dermatology 2006;45(2):106‐10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Tjioe 2002 {published data only}
    1. Tjioe M, Gerritsen MJ, Juhlin L, Kerkhof PC. Treatment of vitiligo vulgaris with narrowband UVB (311nm) for one year and the effect of addition of folic acid and vitamin B12. Acta Dermato‐Venereologica 2002;82(5):369‐72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Van Geel 2004 {published data only}
    1. Geel N, Ongenae K, Mil M, Haeghen YV, Vervaet C, Naeyaert JM. Double‐blind placebo‐controlled study of autologous transplanted epidermal cell suspensions for repigmenting vitiligo. Archives of Dermatology 2004;140(10):1203‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Vasistha 1979 {published data only}
    1. Vasistha LK, Singh G. Vitiligo and intralesional steroids. Indian Journal of Medical Research 1979;69:308‐11. [PUBMED: 429039] - PubMed
Verhaeghe 2011 {published data only}
    1. Verhaeghe E, Lodewick E, Geel N, Lambert J. Intrapatient comparison of 308‐nm monochromatic excimer light and localized narrow‐band UVB phototherapy in the treatment of vitiligo: a randomized controlled trial. Dermatology 2011;223(4):343‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wazir 2010 {published data only}
    1. Wazir SM, Paracha MM, Khan SU. Efficacy and safety of topical mometasone furoate 0.01% vs. tacrolimus 0.03% and mometasone furoate 0.01% in vitiligo. Journal of Pakistan Association of Dermatologists 2010;20(2):89‐92. [EMBASE: 2010454952]
Westerhof 1999 {published data only}
    1. Westerhof W, Nieuweboer‐Krobotova L, Mulder PG, Glazenburg EJ. Left‐right comparison study of the combination of fluticasone propionate and UVA vs either fluticasone propionate or UVA alone for the long‐term treatment of vitiligo. Archives of Dermatology 1999;135(9):1061‐6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wind 2011 {published data only}
    1. Wind BS, Meesters AA, Kroon MW, Beek JF, Veen JP, Nieuweboer‐Krobotova L, et al. Punchgraft testing in vitiligo; effects of UVA, NB‐UVB and 632.8 nm Helium‐Neon laser on the outcome. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology 2011;25(10):1236‐7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Yaghoobi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Yaghoobi R, Omidian M, Bagherani N. Comparison of therapeutic efficacy of topical corticosteroid and oral zinc sulfate‐topical corticosteroid combination in the treatment of vitiligo patients: a clinical trial. BMC Dermatology 2011;11:7. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Yones 2007 {published data only}
    1. Yones SS, Palmer RA, Garibaldinos TM, Hawk JL. Randomized double blind trial of treatment of vitiligo: efficacy of psoralen‐UV‐A therapy vs Narrowband‐UV‐B therapy. Archives of Dermatology 2007;143(5):578‐84. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Yones SS, Palmer RA, Garibaldinos TM, Hawk JLM. A prospective randomised double blind trial of the efficacy of narrow‐band UVB (TL01) phototherapy and psoralen photochemotherapy(PUVA) in the treatment of vitiligo [10]. 15th Annual Meeting of the Photomedicine Society, San Francisco, California, USA, March 2, 2006. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 2006;22(4):223. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0781.2006.00227.x] - DOI

References to studies excluded from this review

Babu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Babu A, Thappa DM, Jaisankar TJ. Punch grafting versus suction blister epidermal grafting in the treatment of stable lip vitiligo. Dermatologic Surgery 2008;34(2):166‐78. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bahmani 2011 {published data only}
    1. Bahmani M, Fallahzadeh MK, Jowkar F, Khalesi M, Bahri‐Najafi R, Namazi MR. Can topical phenytoin augment the therapeutic efficacy of PUVA against vitiligo? A double‐blind, randomized, bilateral‐comparison, placebo‐controlled study. Journal of Dermatological Treatment 2011;22(2):106‐8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Du 1996 {published data only}
    1. Du RM. Treating vitiligo with integrated traditional chinese and western medicine in 232 cases. Journal of Shanxi College of Traditional Chinese Medicine [Shan Xi Zhong Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao] 1996;12(3):22‐3.
El Mofty 2001 {published data only}
    1. Mofty ME, Zaher H, Esmat S, Youssef R, Bassioni D, Enani GE. PUVA and PUVB in vitiligo ‐ Are they equally effective?. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 2001;17(4):159‐63. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
El Mofty 2006b {published data only}
    1. Mofty M, Mostafa W, Esmat S, Youssef R, Azzam O, Hunter N, et al. Narrow band Ultraviolet B 311 nm in the treatment of vitiligo: Two right‐left comparison studies. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine 2006;22(1):6‐11. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
El Zawahry 1997 {published data only}
    1. Zawahry M, Soliman M, Ansary M, Zawahry MB, Aziz EA, Rady M. A clinical and immunological study of the effect of the different modalities of treatment on vitiligo patients. Journal of the Pan‐Arab League of Dermatologists 1997;8:63‐75.
Ghosh 1994 {published data only}
    1. Ghosh SK, Roy AK. Comparative evaluation of different regimens in the treatment of vitiligo. Indian Journal of Dermatology 1994;39(4):69‐72.
Godse 2008 {published data only}
    1. Godse KV. Comparison of two diluents of 1% methoxsalen in the treatment of vitiligo. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology 2008;74(3):298. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shi 1995 {published data only}
    1. Shi QC. Clinical observation on effect of Quan Xiao Wan plus Decocton ¢ó for vitiligo. Jiangsu Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine [Jiang Su Zhong Yi] 1995;16(7):24.
Sun 1996 {published data only}
    1. Sun BY. Clinical observation on effect of Bai Dian Ling Ding for leucoderma in 107 cases. Jiangsu Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine [Jiang Su Zhong Yi] 1996;17(9):19‐20.
Suo 2010 {published data only}
    1. Suo DF, Zhang JL, Yan CY. Combination of topical tacrolimus ointment and NB‐UVB for vitiligo on the face and neck. Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2010;39(2):127‐9. [EMBASE: 2010219716]
Xu 1992 {published data only}
    1. Xu RZ. Clinical observation on the effect of Drug Cupping Therapy in treating Vitiligo. Zhongguo zhen jiu [Chinese acupuncture & moxibustion] 1992;12(3):11‐2.
Zhang 2008 {published data only}
    1. Zhang AP. Autologous epidermal grafting combined with small dose corticosteroids in treating progressive stage vitiligo in 10 cases. Modern Journal of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine [Xian Dai Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi] 2008;17(7):1024.

References to studies awaiting assessment

Al Rubaie 2002 {published data only}
    1. Al Rubaie S. An open randomized study of treatment of 339 patients of generalized vitiligo with narrow band versus topical calcipotriol + PUVA versus PUVA therapy for 6 ‐ 12 months. 11th Congress of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology & Venereology. 2002; Vol. 16, issue Suppl s1.
Awasthi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Awasthi S, Kanwar AJ, Parsad D. Comparing the effect on the outcome of cold trypsinisation versus warm trypsinisation in transplantation of autologous non‐cultured epidermal cell suspension in stable vitiligo ‐ a prospective randomized study. 21st International Pigment Cell Conference IPCC. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 2011;24(4):796. [EMBASE: 71001524]
Baldo 2014 {published data only}
    1. Baldo A, Lodi G, Caterino P, Monfrercola G. Vitiligo, NB‐UVB and tacrolimus: our experience in Naples. Giornale Italiano di Dermatologia e Venereologia 2014;149(1):123‐30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Budania 2014 {published data only}
    1. Budania A, Parsad D, Dogra S, Khunger N. A randomized comparative study between autologous noncultured epidermal cell suspension, suction blister epidermal grafting and splitthickness skin grafting: A quest to find a first‐line surgical modality for the treatment of stable vitiligo. 94th Annual Meeting of the British Association of Dermatologists Glasgow United Kingdom. British Journal of Dermatologists conference publication. 2014.
Caballero 2011 {published data only}
    1. Caballero A, Jurado F, Luisa MP, Solano G. Combined treatment with clobetasol and cognitive behavioral therapy in adult patients with vitiligo. 41st Annual Meeting of the European Society for Dermatological Rsearch (ESDR). Journal of Investigative Dermatology 2011;131(Suppl 2):S114.
Daniel 2011 {published data only}
    1. Daniel BS, Venugopal SS, Martin LK, Agero AL, Rhodes LM, Frew JW, et al. A randomised controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of minigrafting versus ReCell in stable vitiligo: Preliminary results. 21st International Pigment Conference IPCC. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research 2011;24(4):834‐5. [EMBASE: 71001653]
De la Fuente‐Garcia 2014 {published data only}
    1. Fuente‐Garcia A, Gomez‐Flores M, Mancillas‐Adame L, Ocampo‐Candiani J, Welsh‐Lozano O, Perez JZ, et al. Role of the ACTH test and estimation of a safe dose for high potency steroids in vitiligo: A prospective randomized study. Indian Dermatology Online Journal 2014;5(2):117‐21. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
De Leeuw 2011 {published data only}
    1. Leeuw J, Assen YJ, Beek N, Bjerring P, Martino Neumann HA. Treatment of vitiligo with khellin liposomes, ultraviolet light and blister roof transplantation. Journal of the European Academy of Venereology & Dermatology 2011;25(1):74‐81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ediriweera 2009 {published data only}
    1. Ediriweera ERHSS, Kalawana OTMRKSB, Karunarathna N, Nanayakkara NGAAS. Clinical study on efficacy of the traditional sri lankan oil 'the kakodumbaradi taila' with selected ayurvedic preparations on shvitra (vitiligo). AYU 2009;30(3):225‐31. [http://ayurveduniversity.edu.in/newsletters/ayu/2009_3/30302.pdf]
Eleftheriadou 2014 {published data only}
    1. Eleftheriadou V, Thomas K, Ravenscroft J, Whitton M, Batchelor J, Williams H. Feasibility, double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled, multi‐centre trial of hand‐held NB‐UVB phototherapy for the treatment of vitiligo at home (HI‐Light trial: Home Intervention of Light therapy). Trials 2014;15:51. [PUBMED: 24507484] - PMC - PubMed
Fatemi‐Naeini 2014 {published data only}
    1. Fatemi‐Naeini F, Vaez‐Shooshtari A, Ebrahimi B, Nilforoushzadeh MA, Molaei R. The effect of pseudocatalase/superoxide dismutase in treatment of vitiligo: A pilot study. Journal of Isfahan Medical School 2014;31(269 Spec Issue):2309‐14. [EMBASE: 2014574595]
Ghorbanibirgani 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ghorbanibirgani A, Khalili A, Rokhafrooz D. Comparing nigella sativa oil and fish oil in treatment of vitiligo. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 2014;16(6):not provided. [EMBASE: 2014405707] - PMC - PubMed
Gimenez‐Azcarate 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gimenez‐Azcarate A, Bernad I, Irrazaval I, Lera M, Redondo P. Double‐blind, randomized, intraindividually controlled clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of autologous melanocyte cell transplant using amniotic membrane as a scaffold in the treatment of stable vitiligo. 71st Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2013;68(4 Suppl 1):AB189. [EMBASE: 70997838]
Kalafi 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kalafi A, Jowkar F. Evaluation of the efficacy of topical tetracycline in enhancing the effect of Narrow Band UVB against vitiligo: a double blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. ISRN Dermatology 2014;2014:472546. [EMBASE: 2014186713] - PMC - PubMed
Li 2010 {published data only}
    1. Li C, Fu J, Wang Y, Cuiling M, Tianwen G. 308nm excimer light vs308nm excimer laser fro treating vitiligo: A randomized study. Journal of Dermatology. 1st Eastern Asia Dermatology Congress EADC. Fukuoka, Japan, 2010.
Martin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Martin L, Wittal R, Murrell DF, Le Guay, J. Randomised controlled trial of minigrafting versus recell in stable vitiligo. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. Melbourne, Australia: 3rd Annual Meeting of the Australasian Society for Dermatology Research, 2007; Vol. 127:2685‐2685.
Naini 2012 {published data only}
    1. Naini FF, Shooshtari AV, Ebrahimi B, Molaei R. The effect of pseudocatalase/superoxide dismutase in the treatment of vitiligo: A pilot study. Journal of Research in Pharmacy Practice 2012;1(2):77‐80. [EMBASE: 2013680769] - PMC - PubMed
Nitayavardhana 2014 {published data only}
    1. Nitayavardhana S, Wongpraparut C, Thanomkitti K, Silpa‐Archa N. Comparison of efficacy and safety of 0.1%tacrolimus ointment and 0.1% mometasone furoate cream for adult vilitigo: A single‐blind pilot study. 72nd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology, Denver, USA. Conference Start: 20140321 Conference End: 20140325. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2014;70(5 Suppl 1):AB159. [EMBASE: 71390721]
Pacifico 2009 {published data only}
    1. Pacifico A, Vidolin AP, Leone G, Lacovelli P. Combined treatment of narrowband ultraviolet light B (NBUVB) phototherapy and oral polypodium leucotomos extract versus NBUVB phototherapy alone in the treatment of patients with vitiligo. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology: 67th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology 2009;60(3):AB154.
Passeron 2011 {published data only}
    1. Passeron T, Bayoumi W, Duff F, Sillard L, Lacour J‐P, Ortonne J‐P. Erbium laser dermabrasion for treating vitiligo: a combination approach. 31st Annual Conference of the American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, TX United States. Lasers in Surgery & Medicine 2011;43:944. [EMBASE: 70640254]
Phiske 2011 {published data only}
    1. Phiske M, Patil B, Bharda Z, Jerajani H. Tacrolimus versus pimecrolimus in localised stable vitiligo. 21st International PIgment Cell Conference IPCC. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research: 2011;24(4):833. [EMBASE: 71001647]
Ramaiah 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ramaiah A, Kar K, Garg VK, Bajaj N, Madhava AS. Double blind randomised clinical trial of bFGF related deca peptide to treat vitiligo. 21st International Pigment Cell Conference IPCC. Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research. Bordeaux, France, 2011.
Rondon Lugo 1987 {published data only}
    1. Rondon Lugo AJ, Weiss E, Perez RP, Fuenmajor ME, Rothe J, Bricano L, et al. Double blind comparative study between melagenina and placebo in the treatment of vitiligo [Estudio doble ciego comparativo entre melagenina y placebo en el tratamiento del vitiligo]. Dermatologia Venezolana 1987;25(3‐4):45‐8.
Seckin 2007 {published data only}
    1. Seckin D, Eryilmaz A, Baba M. A double‐blind randomized trial of 1% pimecrolimus versus 0.05% clobetasol propionate for the treatment of vitiligo. 65th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2007;56(Suppl S):AB170.
Shah 2014 {published data only}
    1. Shah R, Hunt, J, Webb TL, Thompson R. Starting to develop self‐help for social anxiety associated with vitiligo: using clinical significance to measure the potential effectiveness of enhanced psychological self‐help. British Journal of Dermatology 2014 August 4 [Epub ahead of print]. [PUBMED: 24665869] - PubMed
Singh 2014 {published data only}
    1. Singh A, Kanwar AJ, Parsad D, Mahajan R. Randomized controlled study to evaluate the effectiveness of dexamethasone oral minipulse therapy versus oral minocycline in patients with active vitiligo vulgaris. Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology & Leprology 2014;80(1):29‐35. [PUBMED: 24448120] - PubMed
Syed 2006 {published data only}
    1. Syed T, Bhakhri AK, Aly R, Wong W. Management of vitiligo with 5% polyphenone (‐EGCg) in a hydrophilic cream. A placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study. 64th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 2006;54(Suppl S):AB196.
Verma 2014 {published data only}
    1. Verma R, Grewal RS, Chatterjee M, Pragasam V, Vasudevan B, Mitra D. A comparative study of efficacy of cultured versus non cultured melanocyte transfer in the management of stable vitiligo. Medical Journal of the Armed Forces India 2014;70(1):26‐31. [EMBASE: 2014322180] - PMC - PubMed
Wu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Wu Y, Qiu L, Chen H‐D, Gao X‐H. A comparative study on efficacy of 308nm‐excimer laser vs. Tacrolimus in the treatment of progressive vitiligo on face or neck. 27th International Congress Laser Medicine and IALMS Courses, Laser Florence 2013 Florence Italy. Conference Start: 20131109 Conference End: 20131110. Lasers in Medical Science 2013;28(6):1430. [EMBASE: 71280965]
Yan 2013 {published data only}
    1. Yan Y, Li J, Wang R, Zhong RP, Guo LH, Zhu MH. A randomised controlled trial for 308 nm excimer laser and narrow band ultraviolet B in the treatment of vitiligo. Journal of Clinical Dermatology 2013;42(2):120‐3.
Zhang 2013 {published data only}
    1. Zhang Y, Chen CT, Huang S, Zhou JW. Efficacy observation of fire needle combined with narrow band ultraviolet‐B (NB‐UVB) for vitiligo. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion [Zhongguo zhen jiu] 2013;33(2):121‐4. [EMBASE: 23620938] - PubMed
Zhang 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zhang DM, Hong WS, Fu LF, Wei XD, Xu AE. A randomized controlled study of the effects of different modalities of narrow‐band ultraviolet B therapy on the outcome of cultured autologous melanocytes transplantation in treating vitiligo. Dermatologic Surgery 2014;40(4):420‐6. [PUBMED: 24446755] - PubMed

References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12607000635460 {unpublished data only}
    1. ACTRN12607000635460. The use of melanocyte/keratinocyte‐suspension for the re‐pigmentation of amelanotic patches in vitiligo. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12607000635460 (accessed 04.2013).
ACTRN12610000581066 {unpublished data only}
    1. ACTRN12610000581066. A randomised controlled trial of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) application and ultraviolet application on decreasing the area affected by vitiligo. www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=335713 (accessed 10.2013).
Chictr‐TRC‐12002584 {unpublished data only}
    1. Chictr‐TRC‐12002584. NB‐UVB + placebo vs. NB‐UVB + lipoic acid tablets for the treatment of the sporadic treatment quiescent vitiligo: efficacy and safety of the multi‐center, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group clinical trials. www.chictr.org/en/proj/show.aspx?proj=3434 (accessed 04.2013).
Chictr‐TRC‐12002593 {unpublished data only}
    1. Chictr‐TRC‐12002593. Dot matrix laser + betamethason compound injection / triamcinolone acetonide + NB‐UVB vs dipropionate betamethasone cream + NB‐UVB for the treatment of the acral type (including the subcarinal parts) of vitiligo: the efficacy and safety of the multi‐center, open, randomized controlled clinical trials. www.chictr.org/en/proj/show.aspx?proj=3438 (accessed 04.2013).
Chictr‐TRC‐12002594 {unpublished data only}
    1. ChiCTR‐TRC‐12002594. 308‐nm excimer laser plus betamethasone compound Injection vs. tacrolimus ointment plus betamethason compound Injection for the treatment of advanced face and neck vitiligo: efficacy and safety of the multi‐center, randomized, open, parallel, self‐controlled clinical trials. www.chictr.org/en/proj/search.aspx?institution (accessed 04.2013).
Chictr‐TRC‐12002595 {unpublished data only}
    1. ChiCTR‐TRC‐12002595. 308nm excimer laser vs tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of the stationary phase surface neck vitiligo: the efficacy and safety of multi‐center, randomized, open, parallel, self‐controlled clinical trials. www.chictr.org/en/proj/show.aspx?proj=3436 (accessed 04.2013).
Chictr‐TRC‐12002596 {unpublished data only}
    1. ChiCTR‐TRC‐112002596. NB‐UVB + lipoic acid tablets + compound times betamethasone injection vs. NB‐UVB + placebo + compound betamethasone injection for the treatment of sporadic progress vitiligo: efficacy and safety of the multi‐center, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group clinical trial. www.chictr.org/en/proj/show.aspx?proj=3435 (accessed 04.2013).
CTRI/2012/03/002531 {unpublished data only}
    1. CTRI/2012/03/002531. Double‐blind, randomized study to evaluate the ability of H‐009 and arsenic‐sulphuricum‐flavum in stimulating pigmentation in vitiligo and examining safety in patients. www.ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=4317 (accessed 04.2013).
CTRI/2012/11/003157 {unpublished data only}
    1. CTRI/2012/11/003157. Pharmaceutical standardization of two different dosage form of Apamarg Kshara Yoga and their clinical efficacy on Shvitra (vitiligo}. www.who.int/trialsearch/trial.aspx?trialid=CTRI/2012/11/003157 (accessed 04.2013).
EUCTR2008‐006903‐22‐NL {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2008‐006903‐22‐NL. Narrow band UV‐B phototherapy and fluticasone proprionate versus narrow band UV‐B phototherapy and placebo for the treatment of active vitiligo: a randomized double blind controlled trial ‐ UVBVIT. apps.who.int/trialsearch/trial.aspx?trialid=EUCTR2008‐006903‐22‐NL (accessed 04.2013 ).
EUCTR2010‐019994‐13‐FR {unpublished data only}
    1. EUCTR2010‐019994‐13‐FR. Exploratory study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of CD07387 solution in patients with vitiligo. www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu/ctr‐search/trial/2010‐019994‐13/FR/ (accessed 04.2013).
IRCT138808212704N1 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT138808212704N1. 308‐nm excimer laser plus topical calcipotriol in the treatment of vitiligo. www.irct.ir/searchresult.php?keyword=vitiligo&id=2704&field=g&am... (accessed 04.2013 ).
IRCT138904081159N6 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT138904081159N6. Comparative evaluation of efficacy of dermabrasion alone, injection of melanocyte suspension and autologous melanocyte suspension transfer in the treatment of vitiligo. www.irct.ir/searchresult.php?keyword=vitiligo&id=1159&number=6&a... (accessed 10.2013).
IRCT201107317160N1 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT201107317160N1. Evaluation of the efficacy of topical ethyl vanillate in enhancing the effect of phothotherapy against vitilligo. www.irct.ir/searchresult.php?keyword=vanillate&id=7160&number=1&... (accessed10.2013).
IRCT201108017160N3 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT201108017160N3. Evaluation of efficay of topical tetracycline in enhancing the effect of phototherapy against vitiligo. www.irct.ir/searchresult.php?keyword=vitiligo&id=7160&field=c&am... (accessed 10.2013).
IRCT201201025069N5 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT201201025069N5. Efficacy of Nigella Sativa oil and fish oil in vitiligo patients in Iran. apps.who.int/trialsearch/trial.aspx?trialid=IRCT201201025069N5 (accessed 04.2013).
IRCT201203108567N1 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT201203108567N1. Effects of transplantation (non‐cultured autologous melanocytes) bulge region, dermal papilla and outer root sheet in stable vitiligo plaques. www.irct.ir/searchresult.php?id=8567&number=1 (accessed 04.2013).
IRCT201205029618N1 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT201205029618N1. Formulation and clinical trial of a traditional dosage form for skin depigmentation and comparison to a marketed preparation in two groups of patients suffering from vitiligo. www.who.int/trialsearch/trial.aspx?trialid=IRCT201205029618N1 (accessed 04.2013).
IRCT201208144269N4 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT201208144269N4. Comparative efficacy of 0.1%tacrolimus ointment versus 0.005% calcipotriol ointment in perifollicular pigmentation in patients with hand and facial vitiligo. apps.who.int/trialsearch/trial.aspx?trialid=IRCT201208144269N4 (accessed 04.2013 ).
IRCT201212059800N3 {unpublished data only}
    1. IRCT201212059800N3. Evaluation of efficacy of microdermabrasion in association with tacrolimus ointment plus elocome ointment in compare with pimecrolimus ointment plus elocome ointment in patients with vitiligo. www.irct.ir/searchresult.php?keyword=vitiligo&id=9800&number=3&a... (accessed 10.2013).
ISRCTN51633881 {unpublished data only}
    1. ISRCTN51633881. A prospective within‐patient randomised controlled trial of the treatment of vitiligo with the 308‐nm laser: A pilot study. www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN51633881 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT00615355 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00615355. Efficacy of narrow‐band UVB treatment after transplantation of harvested epidermal cells in vitiligo. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00615355 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT00622180 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT00622180. The efficacy of hand NBUVB versus Excilite treatment in vitiligo after minigrafting on the dorsal hands. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00622180 (accessed 04.2013).
    1. NCT00622180. The efficacy of hand‐foot narrow‐band UVB versus focal 308‐nm treatment in inducing repigmentation of vitiligo after minigrafting on the dorsal hands. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00622180 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01006421 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01006421. Oral Ginkgo Biloba and narrow band UVB in the treatment of vitiligo: a randomized double‐blind placebo controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01006421 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01246921 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01246921. Effect of fluticasone proprionate 0.05% cream on narrow band UV‐B Phototherapy in active vitiligo: a randomised single‐blinded controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01246921 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01262547 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT1262547. A randomized controlled pilot study to examine the use of micrografting, using a novel grafting technique for the repigmentation of vitiligo. controlled‐trials.com/mrct/trial/1343871/vitiligo (accessed 10.2013).
NCT01333410 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01333410. Comparison the efficacy and safety of 0.1% tacrolimus ointment with 0.1% mometasone furoate cream in the treatment of adult vitiligo: A single blinded pilot study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01333410 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01377077 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01377077. Autologous punch grafting in vitiligo patients: the effect of punch depth and punch size. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01377077 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01382589 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01382589. A phase II randomised pilot study to compare the efficacy and safety of subcutaneous, bioresorbable afamelanotide implants and Narrow‐Band Ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) light in the treatment of non‐segmental vitiligo. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01382589 (accesssed 04.2013).
NCT01419964 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01419964. Phase III, multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled parallel group study of the efficacy and safety of ACH24 in the treatment of vitiligo. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01419964 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01430195 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01430195. Proof of Concept study to compare efficacy and safety of subcutaneous, bioresorbable Afamelanotide implants and Narrow‐Band Ultraviolet B (NB‐UVB) light versus NB‐UVB light alone in the treatment of nonsegmental vitiligo. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01430195 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01478945 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01478945. Pilot randomised controlled trial of hand held NB‐UVB for the treatment of focal or early vitiligo at home. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01478945?displayxml=true (accessed 04.2013). [PR‐PG‐040710177]
NCT01511965 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01511965. Study of applications of autologous epidermal cells in liquid phase in the treatment of vitiligo (Viticell). clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01511965 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01517893 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01517893. A Phase‐II, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial of simvastatin in generalized vitiligo. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01517893 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01629979 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01629979. Efficacy and tolerance of transplantation of harvested epidermal cells and narrow‐band UVB in vitiligo. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01629979 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01640678 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01640678. Autologous cell suspension grafting using ReCell in vitiligo and piebaldism patients:a randomized controlled pilot study. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01640678 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01766609 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01766609. Efficacy and safety of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide in vitiligo: a prospective, double‐blind randomized controlled trial. www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01766609 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01787695 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01787695. UVA 1 phototherapy for vitiligo. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01787695 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01787708 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01787708. Efficacy of red light in vitiligo: a prospective, single‐blind, radomized controlled trial. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01787708 (accessed 04.2013).
NCT01841008 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01841008. Maintenance treatment of non segmental vitiligo with tacrolimus ointment 0.1% versus control. clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01841008 (accessed 10.2013).
NCT01923142 {unpublished data only}
    1. NCT01923142. Double blind within‐subject controlled study of autologous hair follicle outer‐root‐sheath melanocytes transplantation in the treatment of vitiligo. clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01923142 (accessed 10.2013).

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