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. 2015 Feb 24:3:5.
doi: 10.1186/s40345-014-0019-4. eCollection 2015.

Multi-state models for investigating possible stages leading to bipolar disorder

Charles Dg Keown-Stoneman  1 , Julie Horrocks  1 , Gerarda A Darlington  1 , Sarah Goodday  2 , Paul Grof  3 , Anne Duffy  4
Affiliations

Multi-state models for investigating possible stages leading to bipolar disorder

Charles Dg Keown-Stoneman et al. Int J Bipolar Disord. .

Abstract

Background: It has been proposed that bipolar disorder onsets in a predictable progressive sequence of clinical stages. However, there is some debate in regard to a statistical approach to test this hypothesis. The objective of this paper is to investigate two different analysis strategies to determine the best suited model to assess the longitudinal progression of clinical stages in the development of bipolar disorder.

Methods: Data previously collected on 229 subjects at high risk of developing bipolar disorder were used for the statistical analysis. We investigate two statistical approaches for analyzing the relationship between the proposed stages of bipolar disorder: 1) the early stages are considered as time-varying covariates affecting the hazard of bipolar disorder in a Cox proportional hazards model, 2) the early stages are explicitly modelled as states in a non-parametric multi-state model.

Results: We found from the Cox model thatthere was evidence that the hazard of bipolar disorder is increased by the onset of major depressive disorder. From the multi-state model, in high-risk offspring the probability of bipolar disorder by age 29 was estimated as 0.2321. Cumulative incidence functions representing the probability of bipolar disorder given major depressive disorder at or before age 18 were estimated using both approaches and found to be similar.

Conclusions: Both the Cox model and multi-state model are useful approaches to the modelling of antecedent risk syndromes. They lead to similar cumulative incidence functions but otherwise each method offers a different advantage.

Keywords: Bipolar disorder; High-risk; Multi-state model; Survival analysis.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Proposed stages for bipolar disorders.
Figure 2
Figure 2
State structure of 5-state multi-state model for bipolar disorder.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Estimated probability of being in each state by age, based on the multi-state model.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Estimated cumulative incidence of bipolar disorder using the multi-state model.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Estimated conditional cumulative incidence of bipolar disorder after age 18 given major mood before age 18.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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