Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of Inactivated Monovalent Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Vaccine Administered With or Without AS03 Adjuvant

Abstract

Background: The national stockpile for influenza pandemic preparedness includes vaccines against an array of strains and adjuvants that could be utilized to induce immunologic priming as a pandemic wave emerges. We assessed the feasibility of a strategy that allows the flexibility of postmanufacture mixture of vaccine and adjuvant at the point of care.

Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial among healthy adults aged 18-49 years who received 2 doses of inactivated influenza A/Indonesia/05/2005 (H5N1 clade 2.2.3) virus vaccine containing either 3.75, 7.5, or 15 µg of hemagglutinin (HA) with or without AS03 adjuvant, administered 21 days apart. Subjects were observed for local (injection site) and systemic reactogenicity and adverse events. Sera were tested for hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) antibody levels against the homologous strain and 4 heterologous avian strains.

Results: Vaccine containing ASO3 adjuvant was associated with significantly more local reactions compared with nonadjuvanted vaccine, but these were short-lived and resolved spontaneously. Although the immune response to nonadjuvanted vaccine was poor, 2 doses of AS03-adjuvanted vaccine containing as little as 3.75 µg of HA elicited robust immune responses resulting in seroprotective titers (≥1:40) to the homologous strain in ≥86% of subjects by HAI and in 95% of subjects by MN. Cross-clade antibody responses were also observed with AS03-adjuvanted vaccine, but not nonadjuvanted vaccine.

Conclusions: AS03 adjuvant formulated with inactivated vaccine at the administration site significantly enhanced the immune responses to H5N1 vaccine and has the potential to markedly improve vaccine responses and accelerate delivery during an influenza pandemic.

Clinical trials registration: NCT01317758.

Keywords: adjuvants; avian influenza; pandemic influenza vaccine.

Figure 1.

The percentage of subjects who experienced solicited adverse events, by maximum reactogenicity, during the 7 days after receipt of the first dose (A and C) or the second dose (B and D), according to vaccine dosage (3.75, 7.5, and 15 µg) and whether nonadjuvanted (A and B) or AS03-adjuvanted (C and D). ^aThe widest diameter was measured and graded as follows: small (mild) <20 mm, medium (moderate) 20–50 mm, and large (severe) >50 mm.

Figure 2.

Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) titers to homologous (A/Indonesia/05/2005) virus strain, by dosage group.

Figure 3.

Geometric mean hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) and microneutralization (MN) titers to heterologous virus strains (A/turkey/Turkey/01/2005, clade 2.2.1; A/Vietnam/1203/2004, clade 1; A/Anhui/1/2005, clade 2.3.4; and A/Hubei/1/2010, clade 2.3.2.1), by dosage group.