The largest type study of Agaricales species to date: bringing identification and nomenclature of Phlegmacium (Cortinarius) into the DNA era

Abstract

Cortinarius is a species-rich and morphologically challenging genus with a cosmopolitan distribution. Many names have not been used consistently and in some instances the same species has been described two or more times under separate names. This study focuses on subg. Phlegmacium as traditionally defined and includes species from boreal and temperate areas of the northern hemisphere. Our goals for this project were to: i) study type material to determine which species already have been described; ii) stabilize the use of Friesian and other older names by choosing a neo- or epitype; iii) describe new species that were discovered during the process of studying specimens; and iv) establish an accurate ITS barcoding database for Phlegmacium species. A total of 236 types representing 154 species were studied. Of these 114 species are described only once whereas 40 species had one ore more synonyms. Of the names studied only 61 were currently represented in GenBank. Neotypes are proposed for 21 species, and epitypes are designated for three species. In addition, 20 new species are described and six new combinations made. As a consequence ITS barcodes for 175 Cortinarius species are released.

Keywords: Basidiomycota; DNA barcoding; ITS; diversity; taxonomy; typification.

Fig. 1

The Bayesian 50 % majority-rule consensus tree inferred from ITS regions. PP > 0.50 are indicated above branches. In blue colour and bold are new species described in this study as well as new combinations made and in orange and bold neo- and epitypes designated in this study. In pink are species described by French authors, in red species described by other European authors, in green species described by North American authors and in black other specimens included in this study.

Fig. 1

The Bayesian 50 % majority-rule consensus tree inferred from ITS regions. PP > 0.50 are indicated above branches. In blue colour and bold are new species described in this study as well as new combinations made and in orange and bold neo- and epitypes designated in this study. In pink are species described by French authors, in red species described by other European authors, in green species described by North American authors and in black other specimens included in this study.

Fig. 1

The Bayesian 50 % majority-rule consensus tree inferred from ITS regions. PP > 0.50 are indicated above branches. In blue colour and bold are new species described in this study as well as new combinations made and in orange and bold neo- and epitypes designated in this study. In pink are species described by French authors, in red species described by other European authors, in green species described by North American authors and in black other specimens included in this study.

Fig. 1

The Bayesian 50 % majority-rule consensus tree inferred from ITS regions. PP > 0.50 are indicated above branches. In blue colour and bold are new species described in this study as well as new combinations made and in orange and bold neo- and epitypes designated in this study. In pink are species described by French authors, in red species described by other European authors, in green species described by North American authors and in black other specimens included in this study.

Fig. 1

The Bayesian 50 % majority-rule consensus tree inferred from ITS regions. PP > 0.50 are indicated above branches. In blue colour and bold are new species described in this study as well as new combinations made and in orange and bold neo- and epitypes designated in this study. In pink are species described by French authors, in red species described by other European authors, in green species described by North American authors and in black other specimens included in this study.

Fig. 1

The Bayesian 50 % majority-rule consensus tree inferred from ITS regions. PP > 0.50 are indicated above branches. In blue colour and bold are new species described in this study as well as new combinations made and in orange and bold neo- and epitypes designated in this study. In pink are species described by French authors, in red species described by other European authors, in green species described by North American authors and in black other specimens included in this study.

Fig. 2

Photo of: a. C. cremeiamarescens TN06-273; b. C. flavivelatus IK98-885; c. C. kytoevuorii TN05-158; d. C. flavipallens T. Kekki 368; e. C. boreidionysae IK97-1220; f. C. cruentipellis IK01-053; g. C. caesiophylloides TEB277-09. — Photos: a, c. Kare Liimatainen; b, e, f. I. Kytövuori; d. T. Kekki; g. T.E. Brandrud.

Fig. 3

Spores of: a. C. cremeiamarescens TN04-768; b. C. flavivelatus IK98-885; c. C. kytoevuorii TN05-158; d. C. ochribubalinus IK93-641; e. C. subfraudulosus IK11-006, in Melzer’s reagent. — Drawn by I. Kytövuori and T. Niskanen. — Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 4

Spores of: a. C. flavipallens IK08-1729; b. C. boreicyanites CFP931; c. C. boreidionysae IK97-1220; d. C. cruentipellis IK98-2503; e. C. luteiaureus IK07-247a, in Melzer’s reagent. — Drawn by I. Kytövuori and T. Niskanen. — Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 5

Spores of: a. C. caesiophylloides TN05-016; b. C. melleicarneus IK01-053; c. C. pallidirimosus IK95-585; d. C.talimultiformis AT2004096, in Melzer’s reagent. — Drawn by I. Kytövuori and T. Niskanen. — Scale bar = 10 μm.

Fig. 6

Photo of: a. C. melleicameus IK01-053; b. C.pallidirimosus IK95-585; c. C. tallmultiformis AT2004096; d. C.balteatialutaceus IK09-751; e. C. balteatibulbosus IK98-1624; f. C. balteaticlavatus IK95-382; g. C. brunneiaurantius JV17979; h. C. caesiocolor IK00-029. — Photos: a, b, d–f, h. I. Kytövuori; c. A. Taylor; g. J. Vauras.

Fig. 7

Spores of: a. C. balteatialutaceus IK09-751; b. C. balteatibulbosus IK98-1624; c. C. balteaticlavatus IK96-595; d. C. brunneiaurantius JV17979; e. C. caesiocolor IK00-029; f. C. myrtilliphilus IK 97-1469, in Melzer’s reagent. — Drawn by I. Kytövuori and T. Niskanen. — Scale bar = 10 μm.