Meta-Analysis
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003443.pub3.
Perphenazine for schizophrenia
Affiliations
- PMID: 25749632
- PMCID: PMC7173727
- DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003443.pub3
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Meta-Analysis
Perphenazine for schizophrenia
Cochrane Database Syst Rev.
.
Abstract
Background: Perphenazine is an old phenothiazine antipsychotic with a potency similar to haloperidol. It has been used for many years and is popular in the northern European countries and Japan.
Objectives: To examine the clinical effects and safety of perphenazine for those with schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like psychoses.
Search methods: We updated our original search using the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's register (September 2013), references of all included studies and contacted pharmaceutical companies and authors of included studies in order to identify further trials.
Selection criteria: We included all randomised controlled trials that compared perphenazine with other treatments for people with schizophrenia and/or schizophrenia-like psychoses. We excluded trials of depot formulations of perphenazine.
Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently inspected citations and, where possible, abstracts. We ordered papers, inspected and quality assessed them. We extracted data, again working independently. If loss to follow-up was greater than 50% we considered results as 'prone to bias'. For dichotomous data, we calculated risk ratios (RR) and for continuous data we calculated mean differences (MD), both with the 95% confidence intervals (CI). We assessed quality of data using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluationtool) and assessed risk of bias for included studies.
Main results: Thirty-one studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria, with a total of 4662 participants (of which 4522 were receiving the drugs relevant to our comparison) and presented data that could be used for at least one comparison. The trial centres were located in Europe (especially Scandinavia), Japan and Northern America.When comparing perphenazine with placebo, for our primary outcome of clinical response, results favoured perphenazine with significantly more people receiving placebo rated as either 'no better or deterioration' for global state than people receiving perphenazine (1 RCT, n = 61 RR 0.32 CI 0.13 to 0.78, very low quality evidence). More people receiving placebo relapsed, although not a statistically significant number (1 RCT, n = 48, RR 0.14 CI 0.02 to 1.07, very low quality evidence). Death was not reported in the perphenazine versus placebo comparison. Experiences of dystonia were equivocal between groups (1 RCT, n = 48, RR 1.00 CI 0.07 to 15.08, very low quality evidence); other outcomes not reported in this comparison include serious adverse events, economic outcomes, and service use and hospitalisation.For the comparison of perphenazine versus any other antipsychotic drugs, no real differences in effect between the drugs were found. There was no significant difference between groups for those considered 'no better or deterioration' (17 RCTs, n = 1879, RR 1.04 CI 0.91 to 1.17, very low quality evidence). For mental state outcome of 'no effect' of the study drug, there was again no significant difference between groups (4 RCTs, n = 383, RR 1.24 CI 0.61 to 2.52, very low quality evidence). Death was not reported in any of the included studies. There was no significant difference in rates of dystonia with perphenazine versus any other antipsychotic drugs (4 RCTs, n = 416, RR 1.36 CI 0.23 to 8.16, very low quality evidence), nor was there a significant difference between groups for serious adverse events (2 RCTs, n = 1760, RR 0.98 CI 0.68 to 1.41, very low quality evidence).
Authors' conclusions: Although perphenazine has been used in randomised trials for more than 50 years, incomplete reporting and the variety of comparators used make it impossible to draw clear conclusions. All data for the main outcomes in this review were of very low quality evidence. At best we can say that perphenazine showed similar effects and adverse events as several of the other antipsychotic drugs. Since perphenazine is a relatively inexpensive and frequently used compound, further trials are justified to clarify the properties of this classical antipsychotic drug.
Conflict of interest statement
Benno Hartung ‐ none known. Stephanie Sampson ‐ none known. Stefan Leucht ‐ S. Leucht has received lecture honoraria from EliLilly, Lundbeck, Pfizer, Janssen, Johnson and Johnson, BristolMyersSquibb, Lundbeck, Roche, SanofiAventis, ICON and Abbvie; honoraria for consulting from Roche, Janssen, Lundbeck, and EliLilly; for the preparation of educational material and publications from the Lundbeck Institute and Roche. EliLilly has provided medication for a clinical trial led by SL as principal investigator.
Figures
Funnel plot of comparison: 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTICS, outcome: 2.4 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Study flow diagram: 2013 update search
'Risk of bias' graph: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item presented as percentages across all included studies.
'Risk of bias' summary: review authors' judgements about each risk of bias item for each included study.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early: 3. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 4 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 5 Mental state: 1. Relapse (clinical diagnosis).
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 6 Behaviour: 1a. Wing‐Scale B: social withdrawal ‐ mean change from baseline to endpoint (high = poor).
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 7 Behaviour: 1b. Wing‐Scale B: socially embarrassing behaviour ‐ mean change from baseline to endpoint (high = poor).
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 8 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 3. At least one.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 12 Other adverse events: 4. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 13 Other adverse events: 5. Central nervous system.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 14 Other adverse events: 6. Endocrine.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 15 Other adverse events: 7. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 16 Other adverse events: 8. Haematology ‐ abnormal laboratory results.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 17 Other adverse events: 9. Skin.
Comparison 1 PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO, Outcome 18 Other adverse events: 10. Others.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early: 3. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 4 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 5 Global state: 2. Average endpoint score (CGI‐S, high = poor).
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 6 Mental state: 2a. State ‐ BPRS score reduction ('no effect').
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 7 Mental state: 2b. State ‐ BPRS total score (high = poor).
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 10 Mental state: 2d. State ‐ PANSS score reduction ('no effect').
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 11 Mental state: 2e. State ‐ PANSS: mean change/ endpoint from baseline (high = poor).
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 14 Behaviour: 1. Behaviour subscale of the Psychiatric Rating Scale: no better or worse.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 15 Adverse events: Extrapyramidal and movement disorders.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 17 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 18 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 19 Other adverse events: 3. At least one.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 20 Other adverse events: 4. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 21 Other adverse events: 5. Central nervous system.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 22 Other adverse events: 6. Endocrine.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 23 Other adverse events: 7. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 24 Other adverse events: 8. Skin.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 25 Other adverse events: 9. Genitourinary.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 26 Other adverse events: 10. Others.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 27 Other adverse events: 11. Lab data.
Comparison 2 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC, Outcome 29 Other adverse events: 12. Any serious adverse event.
Comparison 3 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC (ACUTE), Outcome 1 Dichotomous outcomes for acute participants.
Comparison 3 PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC (ACUTE), Outcome 2 Continuous outcomes for acute participants.
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early: 3. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 4 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 5 Global state: 2. Average endpoint score (CGI‐S).
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 6 Mental state: 2a. State ‐ BPRS score reduction ('no effect').
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 7 Mental state: 2b. State ‐ PANSS: mean endpoint from baseline (high = poor).
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 9 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 1. Arousal.
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 12 Other adverse events: 2. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 13 Other adverse events: 3. Central nervous system.
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 14 Other adverse events: 4. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 15 Other adverse events: 5. lab data.
Comparison 4 PERPHENAZINE vs ARIPIPRAZOLE, Outcome 16 Other adverse events: 6. any serious adverse event.
Comparison 5 PERPHENAZINE vs BENPERIDOL, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 5 PERPHENAZINE vs BENPERIDOL, Outcome 2 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 6 PERPHENAZINE vs BROMPERIDOL, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 6 PERPHENAZINE vs BROMPERIDOL, Outcome 2 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 6 PERPHENAZINE vs BROMPERIDOL, Outcome 3 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 6 PERPHENAZINE vs BROMPERIDOL, Outcome 4 Other adverse events: 1. Arousal.
Comparison 7 PERPHENAZINE vs CHLORPROMAZINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 7 PERPHENAZINE vs CHLORPROMAZINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 7 PERPHENAZINE vs CHLORPROMAZINE, Outcome 3 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 7 PERPHENAZINE vs CHLORPROMAZINE, Outcome 4 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 7 PERPHENAZINE vs CHLORPROMAZINE, Outcome 5 Other adverse events: 1. Central nervous system.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early: 3. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 4 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 5 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 6 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 8 Other adverse events: 3. At least one.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 4. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 5. Central nervous system.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 6. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 12 Other adverse events: 7. Skin.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 13 Other adverse events: 8. Genitourinary.
Comparison 8 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOCAPRAMINE, Outcome 14 Other adverse events: 9. Others.
Comparison 9 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOPENTHIXOL, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 9 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOPENTHIXOL, Outcome 2 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 9 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOPENTHIXOL, Outcome 3 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 9 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOPENTHIXOL, Outcome 4 Other adverse events: 1. Arousal.
Comparison 9 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOPENTHIXOL, Outcome 5 Other adverse events: 2. lab data.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 3 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 4 Behaviour: 1. Behaviour subscale of the Psychiatric Rating Scale: no better or worse.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 5 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 6 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 8 Other adverse events: 3. At least one.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 4. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 5. Central nervous system.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 6. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 12 Other adverse events: 7. Skin.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 13 Other adverse events: 8. Genitourinary.
Comparison 10 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOTHIAPINE, Outcome 14 Other adverse events: 9. Others.
Comparison 11 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 11 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 11 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE, Outcome 3 Mental state: 1. State ‐ less than 30% BPRS reduction ('no effect').
Comparison 11 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE, Outcome 4 Mental state: 2. State ‐ BPRS end score (high = poor).
Comparison 11 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE, Outcome 5 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 11 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE, Outcome 6 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 11 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 11 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE, Outcome 8 Other adverse events: 3. At least one.
Comparison 11 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 4. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 11 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 5. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 11 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 6. Lab data.
Comparison 12 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE + PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 12 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE + PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 2 Mental state: 1. State ‐ less than 30% BPRS reduction ('no effect').
Comparison 12 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE + PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 3 Mental state: 1a. State ‐ BPRS end score (high = poor).
Comparison 12 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE + PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 4 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 12 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE + PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 5 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 12 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE + PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 6 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 12 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE + PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 3. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 12 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE + PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 8 Other adverse events: 4. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 12 PERPHENAZINE vs CLOZAPINE + PERPHENAZINE, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 5. Lab data.
Comparison 13 PERPHENAZINE vs FLUPHENAZINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 13 PERPHENAZINE vs FLUPHENAZINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 13 PERPHENAZINE vs FLUPHENAZINE, Outcome 3 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early: 3. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 4 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 5 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 6 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 8 Other adverse events: 3. At least one.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 4. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 5. Central nervous system.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 6. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 12 Other adverse events: 7. Skin.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 13 Other adverse events: 8. Genitourinary.
Comparison 14 PERPHENAZINE vs HALOPERIDOL, Outcome 14 Other adverse events: 9. Others.
Comparison 15 PERPHENAZINE vs LOXAPINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 15 PERPHENAZINE vs LOXAPINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 15 PERPHENAZINE vs LOXAPINE, Outcome 3 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 15 PERPHENAZINE vs LOXAPINE, Outcome 4 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 15 PERPHENAZINE vs LOXAPINE, Outcome 5 Other adverse events: 1. Arousal.
Comparison 15 PERPHENAZINE vs LOXAPINE, Outcome 6 Other adverse events: 2. At least one.
Comparison 15 PERPHENAZINE vs LOXAPINE, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 3. lab data.
Comparison 16 PERPHENAZINE vs MEPAZINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 16 PERPHENAZINE vs MEPAZINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 16 PERPHENAZINE vs MEPAZINE, Outcome 3 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 16 PERPHENAZINE vs MEPAZINE, Outcome 4 Other adverse events: 1. Central nervous system.
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 3 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 4 Behaviour: 1. Behaviour subscale of the Psychiatric Rating Scale: no better or worse.
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 5 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 6 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 8 Other adverse events: 3. At least one.
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 4. Central nervous system.
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 5. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 6. Skin.
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 12 Other adverse events: 7. Genitourinary.
Comparison 17 PERPHENAZINE vs METHYPERIDOL, Outcome 13 Other adverse events: 8. Others.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early: 3. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 6 Mental state: 1c. State ‐ PANSS: mean endpoint score from baseline (high = poor).
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 7 Mental state: 1d. State ‐ less than 25% PANSS reduction ('no effect').
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 8 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 3. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 12 Other adverse events: 4. Central nervous system.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 13 Other adverse events: 5. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 14 Other adverse events: 6. Skin.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 15 Other adverse events: 7. Genitourinary.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 16 Other adverse events: 8. Others.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 17 Other adverse events: 9. any serious adverse event.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 18 Other adverse events: 10. lab data.
Comparison 18 PERPHENAZINE vs OLANZAPINE, Outcome 19 Other adverse events: 11a. lab data.
Comparison 19 PERPHENAZINE vs PENFLURIDOL, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 19 PERPHENAZINE vs PENFLURIDOL, Outcome 2 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 19 PERPHENAZINE vs PENFLURIDOL, Outcome 3 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 19 PERPHENAZINE vs PENFLURIDOL, Outcome 4 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 19 PERPHENAZINE vs PENFLURIDOL, Outcome 5 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 19 PERPHENAZINE vs PENFLURIDOL, Outcome 6 Other adverse events: 3. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 19 PERPHENAZINE vs PENFLURIDOL, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 4. Central nervous system.
Comparison 19 PERPHENAZINE vs PENFLURIDOL, Outcome 8 Other adverse events: 5. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 19 PERPHENAZINE vs PENFLURIDOL, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 6. Skin.
Comparison 19 PERPHENAZINE vs PENFLURIDOL, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 7. Genitourinary.
Comparison 19 PERPHENAZINE vs PENFLURIDOL, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 8. Others.
Comparison 20 PERPHENAZINE vs PROCHLORPERAZINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 20 PERPHENAZINE vs PROCHLORPERAZINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 20 PERPHENAZINE vs PROCHLORPERAZINE, Outcome 3 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 20 PERPHENAZINE vs PROCHLORPERAZINE, Outcome 4 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 20 PERPHENAZINE vs PROCHLORPERAZINE, Outcome 5 Other adverse events: 1. Central nervous system.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early: 3. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 4 Mental state: 2a. State ‐ BPRS score reduction ('no effect').
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 5 Mental state: 2b. State ‐ BPRS total score (high = worse).
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 6 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 8 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 3. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 4. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 5. Genitourinary.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 12 Other adverse events: 6. Others.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 13 Other adverse events: 7. any serious adverse event.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 14 Other adverse events: 8a. lab data.
Comparison 21 PERPHENAZINE vs QUETIAPINE, Outcome 15 Other adverse events: 8b. lab data.
Comparison 22 PERPHENAZINE vs PROMAZINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 22 PERPHENAZINE vs PROMAZINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 22 PERPHENAZINE vs PROMAZINE, Outcome 3 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early: 3. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 4 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 5 Mental state: 1a. State ‐ less than 20% BPRS reduction ('no effect').
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 6 Mental state: 1b. State ‐ PANSS reduction ('no effect').
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 7 Mental state: 1c. State ‐ PANSS: mean change from baseline to endpoint.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 8 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 3. At least one.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 12 Other adverse events: 4. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 13 Other adverse events: 5. Central nervous system.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 14 Other adverse events: 6. Endocrine.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 15 Other adverse events: 7. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 16 Other adverse events: 8. Skin.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 17 Other adverse events: 9. Genitourinary.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 18 Other adverse events: 10. Others.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 19 Other adverse events: 11. any serious adverse event.
Comparison 23 PERPHENAZINE vs RISPERIDONE, Outcome 20 Other adverse events: 12. lab data.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early: 3. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 4 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 6 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 8 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 3. At least one.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 4. Central nervous system.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 5. Endocrine.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 12 Other adverse events: 6. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 13 Other adverse events: 7. Skin.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 14 Other adverse events: 8. Others.
Comparison 24 PERPHENAZINE vs SULPIRIDE, Outcome 15 Other adverse events: 9. lab data.
Comparison 25 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOPROPRAZATE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 25 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOPROPRAZATE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 25 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOPROPRAZATE, Outcome 3 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 26 PERPHENAZINE vs THIORIDAZINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 26 PERPHENAZINE vs THIORIDAZINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 26 PERPHENAZINE vs THIORIDAZINE, Outcome 3 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 2 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 3 Behaviour: 1. Behaviour subscale of the Psychiatric Rating Scale: no better or worse.
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 4 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 5 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 6 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 3. At least one.
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 8 Other adverse events: 4. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 5. Central nervous system.
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 6. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 7. Skin.
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 12 Other adverse events: 8. Genitourinary.
Comparison 27 PERPHENAZINE vs THIOTHIXENE, Outcome 13 Other adverse events: 9. Others.
Comparison 28 PERPHENAZINE vs TIMIPERONE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 28 PERPHENAZINE vs TIMIPERONE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 28 PERPHENAZINE vs TIMIPERONE, Outcome 3 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 28 PERPHENAZINE vs TIMIPERONE, Outcome 4 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 28 PERPHENAZINE vs TIMIPERONE, Outcome 5 Other adverse events: 1. Anticholinergic.
Comparison 28 PERPHENAZINE vs TIMIPERONE, Outcome 6 Other adverse events: 2. Arousal.
Comparison 28 PERPHENAZINE vs TIMIPERONE, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 3. At least one.
Comparison 28 PERPHENAZINE vs TIMIPERONE, Outcome 8 Other adverse events: 4. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 28 PERPHENAZINE vs TIMIPERONE, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 5. Central nervous system.
Comparison 29 PERPHENAZINE vs TRIFLUOPERAZINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 29 PERPHENAZINE vs TRIFLUOPERAZINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 29 PERPHENAZINE vs TRIFLUOPERAZINE, Outcome 3 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 30 PERPHENAZINE vs TRIFLUOPROMAZINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 30 PERPHENAZINE vs TRIFLUOPROMAZINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 30 PERPHENAZINE vs TRIFLUOPROMAZINE, Outcome 3 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 30 PERPHENAZINE vs TRIFLUOPROMAZINE, Outcome 4 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 30 PERPHENAZINE vs TRIFLUOPROMAZINE, Outcome 5 Other adverse events: 1. Central nervous system.
Comparison 31 PERPHENAZINE vs ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 31 PERPHENAZINE vs ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to adverse events.
Comparison 31 PERPHENAZINE vs ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early: 3. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 31 PERPHENAZINE vs ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 4 Adverse events: Movement disorders (completer‐only data).
Comparison 31 PERPHENAZINE vs ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 5 Other adverse events: 1. Arousal.
Comparison 31 PERPHENAZINE vs ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 6 Other adverse events: 2. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 31 PERPHENAZINE vs ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 7 Other adverse events: 3. Gastrointestinal.
Comparison 31 PERPHENAZINE vs ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 8 Other adverse events: 4. Genitourinary.
Comparison 31 PERPHENAZINE vs ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 9 Other adverse events: 5. Others.
Comparison 31 PERPHENAZINE vs ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 10 Other adverse events: 6. any serious adverse event.
Comparison 31 PERPHENAZINE vs ZIPRASIDONE, Outcome 11 Other adverse events: 7. lab data.
Comparison 32 PERPHENAZINE vs ZOTEPINE, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 32 PERPHENAZINE vs ZOTEPINE, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early: 2. Due to relapse / worsening or no improvement.
Comparison 32 PERPHENAZINE vs ZOTEPINE, Outcome 3 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 32 PERPHENAZINE vs ZOTEPINE, Outcome 4 Other adverse events: 1. Cardiovascular.
Comparison 33 PERPHENAZINE vs ZUCLOPENTHIXOL, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early: 1. Any reason.
Comparison 33 PERPHENAZINE vs ZUCLOPENTHIXOL, Outcome 2 Global state: 1. Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration (ITT).
Comparison 33 PERPHENAZINE vs ZUCLOPENTHIXOL, Outcome 3 Adverse events: Movement disorders.
Comparison 33 PERPHENAZINE vs ZUCLOPENTHIXOL, Outcome 4 Other adverse events: 1. Arousal.
Comparison 33 PERPHENAZINE vs ZUCLOPENTHIXOL, Outcome 5 Other adverse events: 2. Cardiovascular.
Update of
-
Perphenazine for schizophrenia.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jan 25;(1):CD003443. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003443.pub2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar 06;(3):CD003443. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003443.pub3. PMID: 15674907 Updated.
References
References to studies included in this review
Amakusa 1973 {published data only}
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- Amakusa T, Majima T. The comparison of therapeutic effects of FK‐880 (sulpiride) and perphenazine in schizophrenia by a double‐blind controlled study. Juntendo Igako 1973;19(2):239‐49.
Bennett 1961 {published data only}
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- Bennett JL, Kooi KA. Five phenothiazine derivates. evaluation and toxicity studies. Archives of General Psychiatry 1961;4:413‐8.
CATIE 2005 {published data only}
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- CATIE ‐ Schizophrenia Trial. National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), NCT00014001 Study start: December 2000; Study completion: December 2004.
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- Addington D. Impact of second generation antipsychotic drugs and perphenazine on depressive symptoms in a randomized trial of treatment for chronic schizophrenia. Proceedings of the 164th annual general meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2011 May 14‐18; Honolulu, Hawaii 2011. [CATIE]
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- Addington DE, Mohamed S, Rosenheck RA, Davis SM, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, et al. Impact of second‐generation antipsychotic drugs and perphenazine on depressive symptoms in a randomized trial of treatment for chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 2011; Vol. 72, issue 1:75‐80. [CATIE] - PMC - PubMed
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- Anon. Antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia on equal footing in improving patients' thinking skills. Science Update 2007:1. [ANON: 2007 h]
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- Ascher‐Svanum H, Nyhuis AW, Faries DE, Heiler L, Kinon BJ. Treatment discontinuation following randomization to open‐label olanzapine, risperidone or typical antipsychotic drugs during a one‐year treatment for schizophrenia. Clinical Schizophrenia & Related Psychoses. United States, 2008; Vol. 2, issue 3:226‐34. [ASCHER‐SVANUM: 2008]
Chouinard 1975 {published data only}
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- Chouinard G, Annable L, Serrano M, Albert JM, Charette R. Amitriptyline‐perphenazine interaction in ambulatory schizophrenic patients. A controlled study of drug interaction. Archives of General Psychiatry 1975;32:1295‐307. - PubMed
Chouinard 1977 {published data only}
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- Chouinard G, Annable L. Phenothiazine‐induced ECG abnormalities. Effect of a glucose load. Archives of General Psychiatry 1977;34(8):951‐4. - PubMed
Collins 1967 {published data only}
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- Collins AD, Dundas J. A double‐blind trial of amitriptyline‐perphenazine, perphenazine and placebo in chronic withdrawn inert schizophrenics. British Journal of Psychiatry 1967;113:1425‐9. - PubMed
Dehnel 1968 {published data only}
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- Dehnel LL, Vestre ND, Schiele BC. A controlled comparison of clopenthixol and perphenazine in a chronic schizophrenic population. Current Therapeutic Research, Clinical and Experimental 1968; Vol. 10, issue 4:169‐76. [DEHNEL: 1968] - PubMed
Eckmann 1984 {unpublished data only}
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- Eckmann F, Weber J. No English version available [Vergleich zwischen Perphenazin und Benperidol. Eine kontrollierte Doppelblind‐Studie]. unpublished manuscript 1984.
Fruensgaard 1978 {published data only}
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- Fruensgaard K, Wollenberg J, Hansen KM, Fensbo C, Sihm F. Loxapine versus perphenazine in psychotic patients. A double‐blind, randomized, multicentre trial. Current Medical Research and Opinion 1978;5(8):601‐7. - PubMed
Hanlon 1964 {published data only}
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- Hanlon TE, Nussbaum K, Wittig B, Hanlon DD, Kurland AA. The comparative effectiveness of amitriptyline, perphenazine, and their combination in the treatment of chronic psychotic female patients. Journal of New Drugs 1964;4:52‐60. - PubMed
Hanlon 1965 {published data only}
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- Hanlon TE, Michaux MH, Ota KY, Shaffer JW, Kurland AA. The comparative effectiveness of eight phenothiazines. Psychopharmacologia 1965;7(2):89‐106. - PubMed
Hoyberg 1993 {published data only}
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- Hoyberg OJ, Fensbo C, Remvig J, Lingjaerde O, Sloth Nielsen M, Salvesen I. Risperidone versus perphenazine in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients with acute exacerbations. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1993;88(6):395‐402. - PubMed
Imai 1980 {published data only}
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- Imai H, Nakamura M, Fukui Y, et al. Comparison of efficacy of zotepine and perphenazine in schizophrenia by double‐blind, controlled study. Shinkei Seishin Yakuri 1980;2(3):285‐99.
Itoh 1969 {published data only}
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- Itoh H, Okamoto M, Miura S, Suzuki Y, Takemasa K, Shigeta M, et al. A comparison between the clinical effectiveness of a dibenzothiazepine derivative and a phenothiazine derivative in schizophrenia. A controlled double blind study using clotiapine (W 130) and perphenazine. Seishin Igaku 1969;11(6):465‐75.
Itoh 1969 II {published data only}
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- Itoh H, Miura S, Asai M, et al. Comparison of thiothixene and perphenazine in schizophrenic patients using double‐blind technique. Seishin Igaku 1969;11(4):284‐97.
Itoh 1969 III {published data only}
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- Itoh H, Okamoto M, Miura S, et al. Comparison of a butyrophenone derivative (methylperidol) and a phenothiazine derivative (perphenazine) in schizophrenic patients using double‐blind technique: statistical analysis by sequential method and wilcoxon test. Seishin Igaku 1969;11(2):131‐42.
Itoh 1976 {published data only}
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- Itoh H, Miura S, Yagi G, Ogita K, Ohtsuka N, Koga Y, et al. Comparison of clinical effects of penfluridol, a long‐acting oral neuroleptic, and perphenazine in schizophrenia using double‐blind technique. Rinsho Hyoka 1976;4(1):101‐29.
Kane 2003 {published data only}
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- Bristol‐Myers S. A multicenter, randomized, double‐blind study of flexible doses of aripiprazole versus perphenazine in the treatment of patients with treatment‐resistant schizophrenia. http://www.clinicalstudyresults.org/ 2004. [BRISTOL‐MYERS: 2004]
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- Gismondi R, Meltzer H, Kujawa M, Carson W, Stringfellow J, Iwamoto T, et al. Aripiprazole versus perphenazine in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia. Proceedings of the 24th Collegium Internationale Neuro‐Psychopharmacologicum Congress; 2004 June 20–24; Paris, France 2004. [KANE: 2003 a]
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- Kane J, Carson W, Kujawa M, Stringfellow J, Marcus R, Sanchez R, et al. Aripiprazole in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia: a 6‐week double‐ blind comparison study versus perphenazine. Schizophrenia Research 2004; Vol. 67, issue 1:155‐6. [KANE: 2003 a]
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- Kane J, Carson WH, Kujawa M, Stringfellow J, Marcus R, Sanchez R, et al. Aripiprazole in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia: A 6‐week double‐blind comparison study versus perphenazine. Conference proceedings. Elsevier Science Bv, 2004:155‐6. [KANE: 2004a]
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- Kane J, McQuade R, Jody D, Carson W, Kujawa M, Stringfellow J, et al. Aripiprazole in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia: a 6‐week double‐blind comparison study vs perphenazine. Conference proceedings: 12th Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia, Davos, Switzerland 2004. [KANE: 2003 a]
Kurihara 1983 {published data only}
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- Kurihara M, Ito H, Kato N, et al. Clinical evaluation of clocapramine (clofekton) in schizophrenia: a double blind comparison of clocapramine, haloperidol and perphenazine. Rinsho Seishin Igaku 1983;12(4):519‐38.
Kurland 1961 {published data only}
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- Kurland AA, Hanlon TE, Tatom MH, Ota KY, Simopoulos AM. The comparative effectiveness of six phenothiazine compounds, phenobarbital and inert placebo in the treatment of acutely ill patients: global measures of severity of illness. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1961;133(1):1‐18. - PubMed
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- Kurland AA, Hanlon TE, Tatom MH, Simopoulos AM. Comparative studies of the phenothiazine tranquilizers: methodological and logistical considerations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1961;132:61‐74. - PubMed
Lepola 1989 {published data only}
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- Lepola U, Koskinen T, Rimon R, Salo H, Gordin A. Sulpiride and perphenazine in schizophrenia. A double‐blind clinical trial. Acta Psychatrica Scandinavica 1989;80(1):92‐6. - PubMed
Naukkarinen 2000 {published data only}
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- Eli Lilly, Company. HGBJ: olz v perphenazine. Eli Lilly and Company 2001.
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- Naukkarinen H, Rimon R, Katila H, Riihikangas R, Heikkilä L. Olanzapine and perphenazine in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2000;41(1):190.
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- Rimon RH. Olanzapine versus perphenazine in the treatment of schizophrenia: a double‐blind study. Schizophrenia research 2004;67(1):164‐5.
Remvig 1987 {published data only}
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- Remvig J, Larsen H, Rask P, Skausig OB, Skov S, Strömgren LS. Zuclopenthixol and perphenazine in patients with acute psychotic states. A double‐blind multicentre study. Pharmacopsychiatry 1987;20:147‐54. - PubMed
Sun 2000 {published data only}
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- Sun Z, Liu B, Li Z, Zhang D, et al. Clozapine combined with perphenazine in the treatment of schizophrenia [氯氮平联用奋乃静治疗精神分裂症对照研究]. Hebei Mental Health 2000; Vol. 13, issue 2:142‐4. [SUN: 2000 (Perp)]
Takahashi 1982 {published data only}
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- Takahashi R, Inanaga K, Samejima K, Sarai K, Asada S, Otsuki S, et al. Comparison of efficacy of a new butyrophenone derivative, timiperone and perphenazine in schizophrenia by a multicentre controlled study. Journal of International Medical Research 1982;10(4):257‐67. - PubMed
Van Praag 1976 {published data only}
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- Praag HM, Korf J, Dolc LCW. Clozapine versus perphenazine: the value of the biochemical mode of action of neuroleptics in predicting their therapeutic activity. British Journal of Psychiatry 1976;129:547‐55. - PubMed
Wang 2008a {published data only}
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- Wang XD, Wang YH, Feng TM, Liu ML, Zhang SX. Controlled study of risperidone in elderly treatment of first‐episode schizophrenia [利培酮治疗老年期首发精神分裂症对照研究]. Journal of Psychiatry 2008;21(2):141.
Wang 2008b {published data only}
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- Wang RF, Yu X, Song ZD. Schizophrenia olanzapine and perphenazine in the treatment of positive symptoms [奥氮平与奋乃静治疗阳性症状为主的精神分裂症对照研究]. Journal of Psychiatry 2008;21(6):423‐4.
Wang 2008c {published data only}
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- Wang X, Wu J, Chen Z, Zhang JF, et al. Elderly first controlled study of quetiapine in the treatment of schizophrenia [喹硫平治疗首发老年期精神分裂症对照研究]. Journal of Psychiatry 2008;21(6):463‐4.
Woggon 1978 {published data only}
Zhang 2010 {published data only}
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- Zhang JL, Zhang J, Shen B. Aripiprazole orally disintegrating tablets in the treatment of schizophrenia in old age were observed [阿立哌唑口腔崩解片治疗老年期精神分裂症疗效的对照观察]. Chinese Journal of Modern Drug Application 2010;4(14):119‐20.
References to studies excluded from this review
Affleck 1969 {published data only}
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- Affleck JW, Cooper AJ, Forrest AD, Smythies JR, Zealley AK. Penicillamine and schizophrenia ‐ a clinical trial. British Journal of Psychiatry 1969;115(519):173‐6. - PubMed
Ahlfors 1980 {published data only}
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- Ahlfors UG, Dencker SJ, Gravem A, Remvig J. Clopenthixol decanoate and perphenazine enanthate in schizophrenic patients. A double‐blind Nordic multicentre trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1980;279:77‐91. - PubMed
Akimoto 1966 {published data only}
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- Akimoto H, Shimazaki T, Shibata N, Sato Y, Takahashi R, Naruse H, et al. Current status of pharmacotherapy in schizophrenia. Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica 1966;20(1):1‐8. - PubMed
Angst 1975 {published data only}
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- Angst J, Woggon B. Clinical study on five depot neuroleptics. Comparison of effective profiles of fluphenazine decanoate, flusipirilene, penfluridol, perphenazine enanthate and pipothiazine palmitate. Arzneimittel Forschung 1975;25(2):267‐70. - PubMed
Anonymous 1966 {published data only}
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- Anonymous. Schizophrenic and other psychotic reactions. Medical Letter 1966:15‐6.
Asada 1976 {published data only}
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- Asada S, Ishimaru T, Kubo S, Kodama H, Masuda K. Study of the clinical effects of sulpiride and perphenazine in 82 schizophrenic patients by the double‐blind method [Etude des effets cliniques du sulpiride et de la perphenazine chez 82 schizophrenes par la methode du double aveugle]. Encephale 1976;2(1):73‐83. - PubMed
Bakke 1973 {published data only}
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- Bakke O. Clinical experience with depot neuroleptics. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1973;246:32‐41. - PubMed
Bandelow 1992 {published data only}
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- Bandelow B, Muller P, Frick U, Gaebel W, Linden M, Muller Spahn F, et al. Depressive syndromes in schizophrenic patients under neuroleptic therapy. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 1992; Vol. 241, issue 5:291‐5. [BANDELOW: 1992] - PubMed
Becker 1970 {published data only}
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- Becker RE. Evaluation of an amitriptyline‐perphenazine combination in chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1970;127(6):827‐131. - PubMed
Bjerkelund 1965 {published data only}
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- Bjerkelund C, Nitter‐Hauge S, Jakobsen E. Perphenazine (trilafon) in the prophylaxis of nausea and vomiting following acute myocardial infarct. Acta Medica Scandinavica 1965;177:729‐37. - PubMed
Böhlau 1985 {published data only}
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- Böhlau V, Weber J. No English title available [Therapie dementieller Prozesse bei Alterspatienten]. Therapiewoche 1985;35(47):5445‐8.
Cannistra 1959 {published data only}
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- Cannistra F, Abrams AA. Perphenazine in obstetrics. Evaluation of its use to replace an analgesic. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1959;14(3):337‐41. - PubMed
Ceskova 1994 {published data only}
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- Ceskova E, Svestka J. Risperidone vs. perphenazine ‐ a double‐blind comparison and prolactine plasma levels [Risperidone gegen Rispehenazine ‐ ein doppelt‐blinder Vergleich und Prolaktin‐Plasmaspiegel]. Psychiatria Danubina 1994;6(3‐4):151‐5.
Ceskova 1996 {published data only}
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- Ceskova E, Svestka J. Efficacy and tolerability of risperidone in different dose levels [Ucinnost a snasenlivost risperidonu pri ruznem davkovani (sdeleni z praxe)]. Ceskoslovenska Psychiatrie 1996;92(1):50‐6. - PubMed
Clarke 1981 {published data only}
-
- Clarke JMC. Amitriptyline and perphenazine (triptafen DA) in chronic pain. Anaesthesia 1981;36:210‐2. - PubMed
Cohen 1958 {published data only}
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- Cohen H. Trilafon in the treatment of chronically psychotic hospitalized patients. Prüfbericht, New York. E. Merck Darmstadt 1958. - PubMed
Cooper 1979 {published data only}
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- Cooper SF, Dugal R, Elie R, Albert JM. Metabolic interaction between amitriptyline and perphenazine in psychiatric patients. Neuro‐Psychopharmacology 1979;3:369‐76. - PubMed
Den Boer 2000 {published data only}
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- Boer JA, Vahlne J‐O, Post P, Heck AH, Daubenton F, Olbrich R. Ritanserin as add‐on medication to neuroleptic therapy for patients with chronic or subchronic schizophrenia. Human Psychopharmacology 2000;15:179‐89. - PubMed
Dencker 1994 {published data only}
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- Dencker SJ, Gios I, Martenson E, Norden T, Nyberg G, Persson R, et al. A long‐term cross‐over pharmacokinetic study comparing perphenazine decanoate and haloperidol decanoate in schizophrenic patients. Psychopharmacology 1994;114(1):24‐30. - PubMed
Eklund 1976 {published data only}
-
- Eklund KL. A double‐blind comparison study between penfluridol and perphenazine in acute schizophrenic patients. Nordisk Psykiatrisk Tidsskrift 1976;30(5):384‐91.
Erb 1982 {published data only}
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- Erb RJ, Stoltman WP. Serum prolactin level increase in normal subjects following administration of perphenazine oral dosage forms: possible application to bioavailibility testing. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 1982;71(8):883‐8. - PubMed
Eufe 1979 {published data only}
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- Eufe R, Wegener G. Double‐blind comparison of two depot neuroleptics (perphenazine enanthate and flupentixol enanthate) in chronic schizophrenia. Nervenarzt 1979;50(8):534‐9. - PubMed
Fahn 1964 {published data only}
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- Fahn S. Treatment of choreic movements with perphenazine. Diseases of The Nervous System 1972;33:653‐8. - PubMed
Farzin 2005 {published data only}
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- Farzin D, Hosseini SH, Shafaat A. A randomized double blind clinical trial in famotidine adjuvant therapy in schizophrenia. Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences 2005; Vol. 30, issue 2:59‐62. [FARZIN: 2005]
Fitzgerald 1969 {published data only}
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- Fitzgerald CH. A double‐blind comparison of haloperidol with perphenazine in acute psychiatric patients. Current Therapeutic Research 1969;11(8):515‐9. - PubMed
Galdi 1988 {published data only}
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- Galdi J, Bonato RB. Relationship of adverse drug reactions to length of hospital‐stay in genetically subgrouped schizophrenics. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 1988;33(9):816‐8. - PubMed
Gerlach 1977 {published data only}
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- Gerlach J, Rasmussen PT, Hansen L, Kristjansen P. Antiparkinsonian agents and long‐term neuroleptic treatment. Effect of G31.406, orphenadrine, and placebo on parkinsonism, schizophrenic symptoms, depression and anxiety. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1977;55(4):251‐60. - PubMed
Gerlach 1988 {published data only}
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- Gerlach J. Tardive dyskinesia:Pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical trials. L'Encephale 1988;14:227‐232. - PubMed
Gerson 1964 {published data only}
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- Gerson IM, Chat E, Twigger NA. Clinical trial of a potentiated diketopiperazine derivative as a psychopharmacological agent for the treatment of psychotic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1964;121:179‐81. - PubMed
Gianelli 1990 {published data only}
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- Gianelli A, Rabboni M, Zarattini F. No English title available [Profili clinici di azione, indicazioni preferenziali, effeti terapeutici e contraindicazioni di tre neuroletti depot in trial multicentro di confronto]. Rivista di Psichiatria 1990;25(1):7‐24.
Hadlik 1970 {published data only}
-
- Hadlik J, Svestka J, Nahunek K, Rodova A. Controlled studies with thiothixene and perphenzine in schizophrenic psychoses [Kontrolovana studie s thiothixenem a perfenazinem u psychoz schizofrenniho okruhu]. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1970;12(1):60‐1. - PubMed
Hanlon 1966 {published data only}
-
- Hanlon T. Perphenazine‐benztropine mesylate treatment of newly admitted psychiatric patients. Psychopharmacologia 1966; Vol. 9, issue 4:328‐39. [HANLON: 1966] - PubMed
Hansen 1979 {published data only}
Haran 1960 {published data only}
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- Haran T. Perphenazine (Fentazine) in the management of chronic schizophrenia. Journal of the Irish Medical Association 1960;46:135‐8. - PubMed
Holden 1969 {published data only}
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- Holden JM, Itil TM, Keskiner A. Comparison of perphenazine and P‐5227 in chronic schizophrenics: clinical and EEG effects. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and the Journal of New Drugs 1969;9(3):163‐75. - PubMed
Hollister 1967 II {published data only}
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- Hollister LE, Overall JE, Shelton J, Pennington V, Kimbell I, Johnson M. Drug therapy of depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1967;17:486‐93. - PubMed
Hollister 1974 {published data only}
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- Hollister LE, Overall JE, Kimbell I Jr, Pokorny A. Specific indications for different classes of phenothiazines. Archives of General Psychiatry 1974;30(1):94‐9. - PubMed
Huang 1964 {published data only}
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- Huang CL, Kurland AA. Perphenazine (trilafon) metabolism in psychotic patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 1964;10:639‐46. - PubMed
Jprn 2011 {published data only}
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- Jprn U. An intervention study of optimizing algorism‐based pharmacological treatment for schizophrenia. http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm 2011. [UMIN000004931]
Kaim 1972 {published data only}
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- Kaim SC, Klett CJ. Treatment of delirium tremens. A comparative evaluation of four drugs. Quarterly Journal of Studies 1972;33:1065‐72. - PubMed
Kaji 1974 {published data only}
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- Kaji S, Tsukada K, Hasegawa S, et al. Comparison of clinical efficacy of clocapramine and perphenazine for chronic schizophrenia by the double‐blind study. Rinsyo Seisin Igaku 1974;3(8):867‐74.
Kawakita 1965 {published data only}
-
- Kawakita Y. Drug therapy of acute schizophrenia. Saishin Igaku 1965;20(9):2440‐8. - PubMed
Kistrup 1991 {published data only}
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- Kistrup K, Gerlach J, Aaes Jorgensen T, Larsen NE. Perphenazine decanoate and cis(z)‐flupentixol decanoate in maintenance treatment of schizophrenic outpatients. Serum levels at the minimum effective dose. Psychopharmacology 1991;105(1):42‐8. - PubMed
Kline 1968 {published data only}
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- Kline NS, Blair J, Cooper TB, Esser AH, Hackett E, Vestergaard P. A controlled seven year study of endocrine and other indices in drug treated chronic schizophrenics. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1968;206:7‐75. - PubMed
Knudsen 1985 {published data only}
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- Knudsen P, Hansen LB, Auken G, Waehrens J, Højholdt K, Larsen NE. Perphenazine decanoate vs. Perphenazine enanthate ‐ efficacy and side‐effects in a 6 week double‐blind, comparative study of 50 drug monitored psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1985;322:15‐28. - PubMed
Knudsen 1985a {published data only}
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- Knudsen P, Hansen LB, Hojholdt K, Larsen NE. Long‐term depot neuroleptic treatment with perphenazine decanoate. I. Efficacy and side effects in a 12 month study of 42 drug monitored psychotic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. Supplementum 1985; Vol. 322:29‐40. [KNUDSEN: 1985 b] - PubMed
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Kothari 1960 {published data only}
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- Kothari NJ, Saunders JC, Kline NS, Griffen JA. A comparison of perphenazine, proketazine, nialamide and MO‐482 in chronic schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry 1960;117:358‐60. - PubMed
Lapolla 1967 {published data only}
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- Lapolla A. A double‐blind evaluation of chlorpromazine versus a combination of perphenazine and amitriptyline. International Journal of Neuropsychiatry. 1967; Vol. 3, issue 5:403‐5.
Levine 1997 {published data only}
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- Levine J, Caspi N, Laufer N. Immediate effects of chlorpromazine and perphenazine following neuroleptic washout on word association of schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Research 1997;26:55‐63. - PubMed
Lindholm 1978 {published data only}
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Linnoila1982 {published data only}
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- Linnoila M, George L, Guthrie S. Interaction between antidepressants and perphenazine in psychiatric inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1982;139(10):1329‐31. - PubMed
Loprete 1967 {published data only}
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- Loprete FP, Palm C. Sleep in psychotic patients: a comparative clinical study. International journal of neuropsychiatry 1967;3(6):497‐500. - PubMed
Mason‐Browne 1957 {published data only}
Mazurek 2003 {published data only}
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- Mazurek I, Loza B, Lecyk A. Atypical versus typical antipsychotic treatment prognosis based on veps and wcst scores in paranoid schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; Vol. 13, issue 4:S347. [LOZA: 2001]
Moore 1958 {published data only}
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- Moore DC, Bridenbaugh LD, Ackeren van EG, Cole EV. Control of postoperative vomiting with perphenazine (trilafone): a double‐blind study. Anesthesiology 1958;19:72‐4. - PubMed
Müller 1994 {published data only}
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- Müller M. Pharmacokinetik/Bioavailibility Evaluation of Three Different perphenazine Formulations (Decentan) in 18 healthy volunteers [Pharmakokinetik/Bioverfügbarkeits‐Studie mit drei verschiedenen Perphenazin‐Zubereitungen (Decentan) mit 18 gesunden Freiwilligen]. E. Merck, Darmstadt 1994.
Nahunek 1967 {published data only}
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- Nahunek K, Svestka J, Misurec J. Clinical comparison of methophenazine and perphenazine in schizophrenia. A controlled study. Effects on the photomyoclonic threshold [Klinischer Vergleich von Methophrenazin (Frenolon) und Perphenazin bei Schizophrenie. Kontrollierte Studie. Beeinflussung der photomyoklonischen Schwelle]. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1967;9(4):404‐5. - PubMed
Nahunek 1968 {published data only}
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- Nahunek K, Svestka J, Rodova A. Clinical experience with octoclothepin in psychoses. Comparasion with perphenazine. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1968;10(3):339‐40. - PubMed
Nahunek 1969 {published data only}
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- Nahunek K, Hadlik J, Svestka J, Rodova A, Vanysek J. A comparison of therapeutic effects of triperidol and perphenazine in schizophrenia [Srovnani lecebneho ucinku triperidolu s perphenazinem u schizofrenie]. Ceskoslovenska Psychiatrie. 1969;65(5):281‐9. - PubMed
Nahunek 1970 {published data only}
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- Nahunek K, Hadlik J, Rodova A, Misurec J, Vanysek J. Comparison of triperidol with perphenazine in schizophrenic psychoses. Effect on the photomyoclonic threshold [Srovnani triperidolu s perphenazinem u schizofrennich psychoz vliv na fotomyoklonicky prah]. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1970;12(1):56‐7. - PubMed
Nahunek 1970 II {published data only}
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- Nahunek K, Svestka J, Rodova A. Comparison of the therapeutic effect of flupenthixol and perphenazine in schizophrenia. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1970;12(3):247‐8. - PubMed
Nahunek 1975 {published data only}
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- Nahunek K, Svestka J, Misurec J, Rodova A. Clinical experience with clozapin [Klinicke zkusenosti s clozapinem]. Ceskoslovenska Psychiatrie 1975;71(1):11‐20. - PubMed
Nahunek 1976 {published data only}
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- Nahunek K, Rodova A, Svestka J. Outline classification of neuroleptic drugs based on results of short‐term control crossed studies in schizophrenia [Pokus o klasifikaci neuroleptik na podklade vysledku kradkodobych kontrolovanych zkrizenyich studii u schizofrenie]. Ceskoslovenska Psychiatrie 1976;72(2):104‐14.
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- Nahunek K, Svestka J, Ceskova E. On the question of differences between therapeutic responses after particular neuroleptics in comparison to perphenazine in schizophrenics [Kotazce rozdilnosti terapeutickych odpovedi po jednotlivych neurolepticich ve srovnani s perphenazinem u schizofrennich nemocnych]. Ceskoslovenska Psychiatrie 1981;77(1):25‐30. - PubMed
Nahunek 1980 {published data only}
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- Nahunek K, Svestka J, Ceskova E. Controlled 'comparison' of perphenazine with perphenazine in schizophrenia ‐ a methodical check of a double‐blind cross‐over design. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1980;22(3):154‐5.
Nordic DS Group 1986 {published data only}
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- Nordic Dyskinesia Study Group. Effect of different neuroleptics in tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism. A video‐controlled multicentre study with chlorprothixene, perphenazine, haloperidol and haloperidol + biperiden. Psychopharmacology 1986;90(4):423‐9. - PubMed
O'Reilly 1957 {published data only}
Oltman 1966 {published data only}
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- Oltman JE, Friedman S. Perphenazine‐amitriptyline in the treatment of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1966;123(5):607‐9. - PubMed
Omerov 1989 {published data only}
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- Omerov M, Wistedt B, Bolvig HL, Larsen NE. The relationship between perphenazine plasma levels and clinical response in acute schizophrenia. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1989;13(1‐2):159‐66. - PubMed
Opjordsmoen 2000 {published data only}
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- Opjordsmoen S, Brunsvik S, Melle I, Dahl A, Friis S, Haahr U, et al. A comparison between novel and traditional antipsychotic drugs as first‐line medication in early psychosis. Second international conference on early psychosis 2000, 31 March ‐ 2 April. [OPJORDSMOEN: 2000]
Pfeiffer 1965 {published data only}
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- Pfeiffer CC, Goldstein L, Murphree HB, Sugerman AA. Time‐series frequency analysis, and electrogenesis of the EEGs of normals and psychotics before and after drugs. American Journal of Psychiatry. 1965;122:1147‐55. - PubMed
Prien 1973 {published data only}
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- Prien RF, Gillis RD, Caffey EM. Intermittent pharmacotherapy in chronic schizophrenia. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1973;24(5):317‐322. - PubMed
Prusoff 1979 {published data only}
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- Prusoff BA, Williams DH, Weissman MM, Astrachan BM. A controlled clinical trial of amitriptyline added to perphenazine in the treatment of depressed schizophrenics. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1979;15(2):80‐1. - PubMed
Rapp 1972 {published data only}
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- Rapp W. Preliminary study of perphenazine enanthate in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia. Pharmakopsychiatrie Neuropsychopharmakologie 1972;5:205‐14.
Rapp 1986 {published data only}
-
- Rapp W, Hellbom E, Norrman O, Palm U, et al. A double blind crossover study comparing haloperidol decanoate and perphenazine enanthate. Current Therapeutic Research 1986;39(5):665‐70.
Rappaport 1967 {published data only}
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- Rappaport M. Competing voice messages. Effects of a message load and drugs on the ability of acute schizophrenics to attend. Archives of General Psychiatry 1967;17:97‐103. - PubMed
Rappaport 1968 {published data only}
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- Rappaport M. Attention to competing voice messages by nonacute schizophrenic patients. Effects of message load, drugs, dosage levels and patient background. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1968;146(5):404‐11. - PubMed
Reznik 2000 {published data only}
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- Reznik I, Sirota P. Treatment of obsessive and compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia with SSRI's and neuroleptics: a randomized controlled trial. 21st Congress of Collegium Internationale Neuro‐psychopharmacologicum, Glasgow, Scotland, UK 1998.
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- Reznik I, Sirota P, Psych M. Obsessive and compulsive symptoms in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial with fluvoxamine and neuroleptics. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 2000;20(4):410‐6. - PubMed
Rickels 1982 {published data only}
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- Rickels K, Csanalosi I, Werblowsky J, Weise CC, Weinstock R, Brown AS. Amitriptyline‐perphenazine and doxepin in depressed outpatients: a controlled double‐blind study. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 1982;43(10):419‐22. - PubMed
Ritter 1971 {published data only}
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- Ritter RM, Davidson DE. Haloperidol for acute psychiatric emergencies. A double‐blind comparison with perphenazine in acute alcoholic psychosis. Southern Medical Journal 1971;64(2):249‐50. - PubMed
Rodova 1971 {published data only}
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- Rodova A, Nahunek K, Svestka J. Comparison of the therapeutic results of clothiapin and perphenazine in schizophrenia. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1971;13(3):171‐3. - PubMed
Rodova 1973 {published data only}
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- Rodova A, Svestka J, Nahunek K, Ceskova E. A blind comparison of clozapine and perphenazine in schizophrenics. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1973;15(2):94‐5. - PubMed
Scurr 1958 {published data only}
Shalev 1993 {published data only}
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- Shalev A, Hermesh H, Rothberg J, Munitz H. Poor neuroleptic response in acutely exacerbated schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1993;87(2):86‐91. - PubMed
Sharpley 1964 {published data only}
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- Sharpley P, Heistad G, Schiele BC. Comparison of butaperazine and perphenazine: a double‐blind controlled study. Psychopharmacology 1964; Vol. 13:209‐16. [SHARPLEY: 1964 a] - PubMed
Shiloh 2002 {published data only}
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- Shiloh R, Zemishlany Z, Aizenberg D, Valevski A, Bodinger L, Munitz H, et al. Mianserin or placebo as adjuncts to typical antipsychotic drugs in resistant schizophrenia. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 2002; Vol. 17, issue 2:59‐64. [SHILOH: 2002] - PubMed
Silver 2000 {published data only}
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- Silver H, Barash I, Aharon N, Kaplan A, Poyurovsky M. Fluvoxamine augmentation of antipsychotic drugs improves negative symptoms in psychotic chronic schizophrenic patients: a placebo‐controlled study. International Clinical Psychopharmacology 2000;15(5):257‐61. - PubMed
Simopoulos 1971 {published data only}
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- Simopoulos AM, Pinto A, Uhlenhuth EH, Mcgee J. Old wine in new bottles: decreased hostility in chronic psychotic inpatients treated with diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin). 5th World Congress of Psychiatry, Ciudad de Mexico. 1971:526.
Simpson 1970 {published data only}
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- Simpson GM, Krakov L, Kunz‐Bartholini E. A controlled trial of combined medications on behavioral and extrapyramidal effects. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1970;212:20‐7. - PubMed
Smith 1959 {published data only}
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- Smith JA, Christian D, Mansfield E, Figaredo A. A graphic comparison of five phenothiazines. American Journal of Psychiatry 1959;116:392‐9. - PubMed
Spiker 1985 {published data only}
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- Spiker DG, Cofsky Weiss J, Dealy RS, Griffin SJ, Hanin I, Neil JF, et al. The pharmacological treatment of delusional depression. American Journal of Psychiatry 1985;142:430‐6. - PubMed
Sun 2010 {published data only}
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- Sun S, Liu Y, Long JL, Wang L. Venlafaxine extended release tablets on schizophrenia cognitive function] Google Translate. Chinese Journal of Health Psychology [中国健康心理学杂志] 2010; Vol. 18, issue 4:394‐6. [孙群星//刘勇//龙金亮//王: 2010]
Sun 2010b {published data only}
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- Sun J, Xie S, Nisu L, Wang X, Shang X, et al. acute schizophrenic inpatients converted to aripiprazole treatment efficacy and safety of] Google Translate [急性期精神分裂症住院患者转换为阿立哌唑治疗疗效及安全性研究]. Shandong Archives of Psychiatry [山东精神医学] 2010; Vol. 23, issue 3:179‐81. [孙静//谢世平//倪苏琳//王: 2010]
Svestka 1970 {published data only}
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- Svestka J, Nahunek K. Controlled comparative study of methylperidol and perphenazine in schizophrenic psychoses [Kontrolovane srovnani metylperidolu s perfenazinem u psychoz schizofrenniho ikruhu]. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1970;12(1):57‐8. - PubMed
Svestka 1972 {published data only}
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- Svestka J, Nahunek K. A comparison of pimozide with perphenazine in the treatment of acute schizophrenic psychoses. Activitas Nervositas Superior 1972;14(2):93‐4. - PubMed
Svestka 1973 {published data only}
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- Svestka J, Rodova A, Nahunek K. Comparison of the short‐term therapeutic effect of oxyprothepine and perphenazine in schizophrenic patients. A controlled study. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1973;15(2):103‐4. - PubMed
Svestka 1974 {published data only}
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- Svestka J, Nahunek K, Rodova A, Ceskova E. A controlled comparison of oxypertine and perphenazine in schizophrenic psychoses. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1974;16(3):165‐6. - PubMed
Svestka 1975 {published data only}
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- Svestka J, Nahunek K, Rodova A, Ceskova E. The position of trifluoperazine in the group of neuroleptics (a controlled clinical comparative study). Activitas Nervosa Superior 1975;17(3):208. - PubMed
Svestka 1989 {published data only}
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- Svestka J, Nahunek K, Ceskova E, Rysanek R, Balsíková, J. Controlled cross over comparison of isofloxythepin and perphenazine in the treatment of schizophrenic psychoses. Activitas Nervosa Superior 1989;31(1):32‐4. - PubMed
Svestka 1989a {published data only}
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- Svestka J, Ceskova E, Rysanek R, Nahunek K. Controlled cross over comparison of carbamazepine with perphenazine in schizophrenic psychoses. 31st Annual Psychopharmacology Meeting (1989, Jesenik, Czechoslovakia). Activitas Nervosa Superior 1989;31(4):276‐7. - PubMed
Svestka 1990 {published data only}
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- Svestka J, Rysanek R, Nahunek K, Ceskova E. Therapeutic results in schizophrenic and schizoaffective psychoses with sulpiride (Eglonyl Alkaloid), as compared with perphenazine (Perfenazin Spofa) [Vysledky lecby schizofrennich a schizoafektivnich nemocnych sulpiridem (Eglonyl Alkaloid) ve srovnani s perfenazinem (Perfenazin Spofa)]. Ceskoslovenska Psychiatrie 1990;86(3):145‐56. - PubMed
Syvalahti 1997 {published data only}
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- Syvalahti EK, Taiminen T, Saarijarvi S, Lehto H, Niemi H, Ahola V, et al. Citalopram causes no significant alterations in plasma neuroleptic levels in schizophrenic patients. Journal of International Medical Research 1997;25(1):24‐32. - PubMed
Tegeler 1979 {published data only}
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- Tegeler J, Floru L. A comparative study of the longacting neuroleptics perphenazine enanthate and flusipirilene. Pharmakopsychiatrie Neuropsychopharmakologie 1979;12(5):357‐65. - PubMed
Wang 2001 {published data only}
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- Wang X, Yin J, Yang L, Li W, Wu G, et al. Double‐blind controlled side reaction of the L‐stepholidine the treatment of schizophrenia and Nursing Strategy. Shandong Archives of Psychiatry [山东精神医学] 2001; Vol. 14, issue 3:204‐6. [王秀英: 2001]
Whittaker 1963 {published data only}
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- Whittaker CB, Hoy RM. Withdrawal of perphenazine in chronic schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry 1963;109:422‐7. - PubMed
Wolf 2007 {published data only}
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- Wolf J, Janssen F, Lublin H, Salokangas RKR, Allain H, Smeraldi E, et al. A prospective, multicentre, open‐label study of aripiprazole in the management of patients with schizophrenia in psychiatric practice in Europe: Broad Effectiveness Trial with Aripiprazole in Europe (EU‐BETA). Current Medical Research and Opinion 2007; Vol. 23, issue 10:2313‐23. [WOLF: 2007] - PubMed
Yagi 1976 {published data only}
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- Yagi G. A double‐blind controlled study on the usefulness of carpipramine‐chlorpromazine combination in the pharmacotherapy of chronic schizophrenic patients. Rinsho Hyoka (Clinical Evaluation) 1976;4(3):351‐403.
Zhong 2001 {published data only}
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- Zhong C, Guozhang J, Duochen W. A double‐blind comparison trial of 1‐stepholidine and perphenazine in treatment of schizophrenia. 7th World Congress of Biological Psychiatry, Berlin, Germany. Suppl 1 2001; Vol. 2. [ZHONG: 2001]
Zhu 2009 {published data only}
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- Zhu S, Liu Y, Sun S, Wang L. Psychological care on cognitive function in patients with chronic schizophrenia, the impact of (Google Translate) [心理护理对慢性精神分裂症患者认知功能的影响]. China Practical Medicine (中国实用医药) 2009; Vol. 4, issue 22:190‐2. [朱玉星,: 2009]
References to studies awaiting assessment
Casey 1960 {published data only}
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- Casey JF, Lasky JJ, Klett CJ, Hollister LE. Treatment of schizophrenic reactions with phenothiazine derivates. A comparative study of chlorpromazine, triflupromazine, mepazine, prochlorperazine, perphenazine and phenobarbital. American Journal of Psychiatry 1960;117:97‐105. - PubMed
Covell 2004 {published data only}
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- Ferziger R, Alphs L, Turner N, Mao L, Rodriguez S, Dixon L, et al. A multicenter effectiveness study of paliperidone palmitate vs oral antipsychotic drugs for people with schizophrenia recently released from jail: Study rationale and methodology. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; Vol. 35:S101‐S2. [FERZIGER: 2010 a]
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- Ferziger R, Alphs L, Turner N, Mao L, Rodriguez S, Dixon L, et al. A multicenter effectiveness study of paliperidone palmitate vs oral antipsychotic drugs for people with schizophrenia recently released from jail: Study rationale and methodology. Proceedings of the 49th Annual meeting of the Americam College of Neuropsychopharmacology; 2010 Dec 5‐9; Miami, Florida 2010. [FERZIGER: 2010]
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- Freedman DX, Jong de J. Thresholds for drug‐induced akathisia. Journal of American Psychiatry 1961;117:930‐1. - PubMed
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Kellam 1971 {published data only}
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Povlsen 1987 {published data only}
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Vinar 1968 {published data only}
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- Vinar O. Differences in therapeutic effects of phenothiazine drugs. Agressolgie 1968;9(2):315‐7. - PubMed
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