Cognitive constraints on motor imagery

Abstract

Executed bimanual movements are prepared slower when moving to symbolically different than when moving to symbolically same targets and when targets are mapped to target locations in a left/right fashion than when they are mapped in an inner/outer fashion [Weigelt et al. (Psychol Res 71:238-447, 2007)]. We investigated whether these cognitive bimanual coordination constraints are observable in motor imagery. Participants performed fast bimanual reaching movements from start to target buttons. Symbolic target similarity and mapping were manipulated. Participants performed four action conditions: one execution and three imagination conditions. In the latter they indicated starting, ending, or starting and ending of the movement. We measured movement preparation (RT), movement execution (MT) and the combined duration of movement preparation and execution (RTMT). In all action conditions RTs and MTs were longer in movements towards different targets than in movements towards same targets. Further, RTMTs were longer when targets were mapped to target locations in a left/right fashion than when they were mapped in an inner/outer fashion, again in all action conditions. RTMTs in imagination and execution were similar, apart from the imagination condition in which participants indicated the start and the end of the movement. Here MTs, but not RTs, were longer than in the execution condition. In conclusion, cognitive coordination constraints are present in the motor imagery of fast (<1600 ms) bimanual movements. Further, alternations between inhibition and execution may prolong the duration of motor imagery.

Fig. 1

Experimental setup: stimuli on the screen and arrangement of the start and target buttons

Fig. 2

Trial procedure and timing for all action conditions. White circles indicate free buttons, black circles indicate button presses, and grey circles indicate button releases. After participants assumed the start position, a fixation cross was presented for 750, 1000 or 1250 ms. Then stimuli appeared for 200 ms on the screen (only one of four possible stimulus combinations is depicted). Participants then performed or imagined to perform the task depending on the action condition. After 3000 ms the go-back signal appeared and was presented until participants assumed the start position. Note that in IMA-end the start position was different from the other conditions. Participants kept their hands on the buttons without pressing them. The go-back signal was therefore presented for a fixed duration of 1000 ms

Fig. 3

Schematic depictions of the mapping conditions. The task required motor execution and motor imagery to two of four target locations. Circles and crosses served as stimuli, specifying the target for each hand separately. Participants performed the task in two mapping conditions (inner/outer mapping and left/right mapping). In both mappings two different assignments of stimuli to target buttons are possible (only one of those is illustrated for each mapping). The assignments were counterbalanced between participants. Black dots represent the corresponding target buttons for the response. In each mapping, two stimulus combinations result in symmetric (SYM) and parallel (PAR) movements

Fig. 4

Mean reaction times (RT, a), movement times (MT, b), and combined RT and MT (RTMT, c), depending on target, mapping, and action. Error bars represent standard errors

Fig. 5

Mean strength of representation depending on action and modality. Error bars represent standard errors