Active video games and energy balance in male adolescents: a randomized crossover trial

Abstract

Background: Active video games (AVGs) have been shown to acutely increase energy expenditure when compared with seated video games; however, the influence of AVGs on compensatory adjustments in energy intake and expenditure is largely unknown.

Objective: The aim was to examine the acute effects of AVGs on energy intake and expenditure.

Design: With the use of a randomized crossover design, 26 male adolescents (mean ± SD age: 14.5 ± 1.4 y) completed three 1-h experimental conditions: resting control, seated video game play (Xbox 360; Microsoft), and AVG play (Kinect Adventures on Xbox 360) followed by an ad libitum lunch. A validated food menu was used to assess food intake immediately after the conditions and for the remainder of the day, and a dietary record was used for the subsequent 3-d period. Energy expenditure was measured by using portable indirect calorimetry throughout each experimental condition, and an accelerometer was used to assess the subsequent 3-d period. Appetite sensations were assessed by using visual analog scales at different time points during the testing day. The primary outcomes were acute (immediately after the conditions and 24-h) and short-term (3-d) energy intake and expenditure.

Results: Energy expenditure was significantly higher (~145%; P < 0.001) during the AVG condition than during the resting control and seated video game conditions; however, no significant differences in energy expenditure were observed 24 h (~6%; P > 0.49) and 3 d after the experimental conditions (~3%; P > 0.82). No significant differences were observed in absolute energy intake immediately after the conditions (~2%; P > 0.94) or in absolute energy intake 24 h (~5%; P > 0.63) and 3 d (~9%; P > 0.53) after the experimental conditions. Finally, appetite sensations were similar between conditions at all time points (P > 0.05).

Conclusions: The increase in energy expenditure promoted by a single session of Kinect AVG play is not associated with increased food intake but is compensated for after the intervention, resulting in no measurable change in energy balance after 24 h. These results suggest that the potential of Kinect to reduce the energy gap underlying weight gain is offset within 24 h in male adolescents. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01655901.

Keywords: appetite; energy expenditure; energy intake; exergaming; food; obesity; teenagers.

FIGURE 1

Flowchart of participants during the active video game intervention study.

FIGURE 2

Overview of the study protocol. Black dots = visual analog scales; gray rectangle = food menu. EE, energy expenditure.

FIGURE 3

Energy expenditure during the three 1-h experimental conditions and spontaneous energy intake from the ad libitum lunch offered on completion of each condition. Values are means ± SEMs; n = 26. Comparisons between groups were analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measures, and Tukey’s post hoc test was used to contrast mean differences. *Different from the control and seated video game condition, P < 0.001.

FIGURE 4

Twenty-four-hour energy expenditure and intake associated with the 3 experimental conditions. Values are means ± SEMs; n = 26. Comparisons between groups were analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measures, and Tukey’s post hoc test was used to contrast mean differences. There were no significant differences between conditions.

FIGURE 5

Energy expenditure and intake for 3 d after the experimental conditions. Values are means ± SEMs; n = 26. Comparisons between groups were analyzed by ANOVA for repeated measures, and Tukey’s post hoc test was used to contrast mean differences. There were no significant differences between conditions.