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. 2015 Mar 16;10(3):e0119505.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119505. eCollection 2015.

Intestinal microbiota succession and immunomodulatory consequences after introduction of Lactobacillus reuteri I5007 in neonatal piglets

Chengli Hou  1 , Hong Liu  1 , Jiang Zhang  1 , Shihai Zhang  1 , Fengjuan Yang  1 , Xiangfang Zeng  1 , Philip A Thacker  2 , Guolong Zhang  3 , Shiyan Qiao  1
Affiliations

Intestinal microbiota succession and immunomodulatory consequences after introduction of Lactobacillus reuteri I5007 in neonatal piglets

Chengli Hou et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

Seventy-two, suckling piglets, obtained from 9 litters standardized to 8 piglets, were assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 24) to compare short-term, early administration with intermittent, longer-term administration of Lactobacillus reuteri I5007. The treatments were a control (given a placebo of 0.1% peptone water from day 1 to 5) or treatments in which 1.7 × 1010 CFU L. reuteri was administrated either daily for 4 days starting on day 1 or every 4th day from day 1 to 17. Five piglets per treatment were killed at 3 time points (day 7, 14 and 21). Denaturing Gradient Electrophoresis of ileal digesta revealed an increase in the presence of L. reuteri I5007 and Clostridium lentocellum (on day 14 and 21) in the every 4th-day treatment and Actinobacillus porcinus (on day 7 and 14) in both L. reuteri treatments, while reducing the abundance of E. coli on day 21 in the every 4th-day treatment. Real-time qPCR of ileal digesta showed an increase in Bifidobacterium spp. on day 14 for both L. reuteri I5007 treatments. An increase in the concentration of lactic acid and a lower pH was observed in the first 4-day treatment on day 7 and the every 4th day treatment on day 14. The relative abundance of mRNA for TGF-β was increased while that for IFN-γ was decreased in the mesenteric lymph nodes of piglets treated with L. reuteri every 4th day. In conclusion, early intervention with L. reuteri increases the presence of beneficial bacteria and decreases the presence of undesirable microbes in the lower gastrointestinal tract. The changes appear to be mediated by altering the intestinal pH through lactic acid production resulting in favorable bacterial species colonization. A prolonged duration of treatment (i.e. every 4th day) would appear to be superior to treatment only during the first 4 days.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. DGGE profile of the PCR products of the V6 to V8 regions of 16S rRNA obtained from ileal digesta of piglets on day 7, 14 and 21.
n = 4 for each treatment. Lane M, marker. Arrows (1 to 11) indicate excised bands that were re-amplified and sequenced. Lane 1, Clostridium perfringens; lanes 2, 3, Clostridium lentocellum; lane 4, Clostridium spp.; lane 5, Streptococcus henryi; lanes 6, 7 Actinobacillus porcinus; lane 8, Escherichia coli; lane 9, Lactobacillus vaginalis; lanes 10, Lactobacillus reuteri I5007; lane 11, Uncultured bacterium. Bacteria 9, 10 in the 14 day samples and 9, 10, and 11 in the 21 day samples were unable to be detected in the DGGE profile.
Fig 2
Fig 2. DGGE profile of PCR products from the V6 to V8 regions of 16S rRNA obtained from colonic digesta of piglets on day 7, 14 and 21.
n = 4 for each treatment. Arrows (1 to 10) indicate excised bands that were re-amplified and sequenced. Lane M, marker. Lane 1, Clostridium glycolicum; lane 2, Uncultured bacterium; lanes 3, 4. Clostridium clostridioforme; lane 5, Uncultured bacterium; lane 6, Oscillibacter valericigenes; lane 7, Bacillus weihenstephanensis; lane 8, Clostridium aldenense; lane 9, Lactobacillus spp.; lane 10, Lactobacillus reuteri I5007. Bacteria 10 in the 14 day and bacteria 9, 10 in the 21 day sample were not unable to be detected in the DGGE profile.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Abundance of Lactobacillus spp.(A, B), Bifidobacterium spp. (C, D) and total bacteria (E, F) analyzed by RT-qPCR in ileal and colonic digesta obtained from piglets on d 7, 14 and 21.
Values are means ± SD (n = 5). Bars with different letters differ, P < 0. 05.
Fig 4
Fig 4. Effects of L. reuteri I5007 on relative cytokine and transcription factor expression in the mesenteric lymph node s (MLN) obtained from piglets and analyzed by RT-qPCR on d 21.
Values are means ± SD (n = 5). Bars with different letters differ, P < 0. 05.
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