The effects of marine carbohydrates and glycosylated compounds on human health

Abstract

Marine organisms have been recognized as a valuable source of bioactive compounds with industrial and nutraceutical potential. Recently, marine-derived carbohydrates, including polysaccharides and low molecular weight glycosylated oligosaccharides, have attracted much attention because of their numerous health benefits. Moreover, several studies have reported that marine carbohydrates exhibit various biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-infection, anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic effects. The present review discusses the potential industrial applications of bioactive marine carbohydrates for health maintenance and disease prevention. Furthermore, the use of marine carbohydrates in food, cosmetics, agriculture, and environmental protection is discussed.

Figure 1

Predicted structure of MP-I (3), isolated from Mytilus coruscus [36].

Figure 2

Floridoside (10) and d-isofloridoside (11), isolated from the marine alga Laurencia undulata [42].

Figure 3

The structure of fucoidan (12) [46].

Figure 4

Aquastatin A (13), isolated from marine-derived fungus Cosmospora sp. SF-5060 [50].

Figure 5

The caminosides A–D (16–19), isolated from the Caribbean marine sponge Chaetomorpha sphaeoroconia [54].

Figure 6

The novel triterpene glycoside (21), holothurin B (22) and holothurin A (23) isolated from sea cucumber Actinopyga lecanora [60].

Figure 7

Marmoratoside A (24), 17α-hydroxy impatienside A (25), marmoratoside B (26), and 25-acetoxy bivittoside D (27), isolated from sea cucumber Bohadschia marmorata [61].

Figure 8

Scabraside A (28), echinoidea A (29), and holothurin A1 (30), isolated from Holothuria scabra [62].

Figure 9

Sokodosides A (31) and B (32) isolated from marine sponge Erylus placenta [64].

Figure 10

Pandaroside G (48) and pandaroside G methyl ester (49), isolated from the sponge, Pandaros acanthifolium [78].

Figure 11

Acanthifoliosides A–F (50–52) isolated from the sponge, Pandaros acanthifolium [79].

Figure 12

Glycosides 56–63, isolated from octocoral, Muricea austere [82].

Figure 13

The d,l-galactan hybrid C2S-3 (69), isolated from the red seaweed Cryptonemia crenulata [88].

Figure 14

Sulfated polymannuroguluronate (SPMG, 73) isolated from brown algae Laminaria japonica [92].

Figure 15

Dermatan sulfate (79), isolated from ascidian Styela plicata [102].

Figure 16

Carijoside A (80), isolated from Carijoa sp. [103].

Figure 17

ASLP (83) isolated from Lischke Arca subcrenata [107].

Figure 18

HCLPS-1 (84) isolated from clam of Hyriopsis cumingii [108].

Figure 19

Frondoside A (85) isolated from sea cucumber Cucumaria frondosa [110].

Figure 20

Cucumariosides (especially most active glycoside cucumarioside A2-2, 86) isolated from sea cucumber Cucumaria japonica [116].