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Review
. 2015 Mar 4:6:66.
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00066. eCollection 2015.

Good and bad sides of TGFβ-signaling in myocardial infarction

Gerhild Euler  1
Affiliations
Review

Good and bad sides of TGFβ-signaling in myocardial infarction

Gerhild Euler. Front Physiol. .

Abstract

Myocardial infarction is a prevailing cause of death in industrial countries. In spite of the good opportunities we have nowadays in interventional cardiology to reopen the clotted coronary arteries for reperfusion of ischemic areas, post-infarct remodeling emerges and contributes to unfavorable structural conversion processes in the myocardium, finally resulting in heart failure. The growth factor TGFβ is upregulated during these processes. In this review, an overview on the functional role of TGFβ signaling in the process of cardiac remodeling is given, as it can influence apoptosis, fibrosis and hypertrophy thereby predominantly aggravating ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Keywords: SMAD; TAK1; apoptosis; fibrosis; hypertrophy; microRNA; myocardial infarction; transforming growth factor beta.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
TGFβ-signaling pathways. After binding to TGFβ II receptor, different type I receptors (ALKs) can be activated and induce the canonical SMAD pathways. This pathway takes influence on miRNA modulation, either on the transcriptional level or by post transcriptional processing. Independent of the canonical pathway, other kinases are directly activated by the type II receptor.
Figure 2
Figure 2
MicroRNA signaling in TGFβ-induced apoptosis and fibrosis. Apoptosis induction after myocardial infarction has been shown to be mediated via TGFβ —microRNA—SMAD signaling. Influence of microRNAs on fibrosis has been shown via enhancement of collagen synthesis and EndMT. Red arrows indicate enhancement or reduction of the respective signaling molecule. formula image Indicates negative/reducing influence of this pathway.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Overview of detrimental TGFβ-induced effects in ischemic reperfused myocardium. Gray arrows indicate physiological signaling pathways. Red and blue arrows/lines indicate pharmacological interventions used for characterization of signaling pathways.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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