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. 2015 Feb 10;6(3):761-9.
doi: 10.1364/BOE.6.000761. eCollection 2015 Mar 1.

Use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering as a prognostic indicator of acute kidney transplant rejection

Jingmao Chi  1 , Thet Zaw  2 , Iliana Cardona  2 , Mujtaba Hosnain  2 , Neha Garg  2 , Heather R Lefkowitz  2 , Peter Tolias  3 , Henry Du  1
Affiliations

Use of surface-enhanced Raman scattering as a prognostic indicator of acute kidney transplant rejection

Jingmao Chi et al. Biomed Opt Express. .

Abstract

We report an early, noninvasive and rapid prognostic method of predicting potential acute kidney dysfunction using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Our analysis was performed on urine samples collected prospectively from 58 kidney transplant patients using a He-Ne laser (632.8 nm) as the excitation source. All abnormal kidney function episodes (three acute rejections and two acute kidney failures that were eventually diagnosed independently by clinical biopsy) consistently exhibited unique SERS spectral features in just one day following the transplant surgery. These results suggested that SERS analysis provides an early and more specific indication to kidney function than the clinically used biomarker, serum creatinine (sCr).

Keywords: (160.4236) Nanomaterials; (170.5660) Raman spectroscopy; (170.6510) Spectroscopy, tissue diagnostics; (240.6695) Surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

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Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Schematic of the SERS optical set up.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Urine spectra of patient 4 at time intervals A, B, D and E. BG represents the background spectrum of Ag NPs on the silicon substrate. Each spectrum was shifted vertically for clarity in illustration.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
(a) SERS spectra of the urine samples from RAAR patients at time interval B. (b) SERS spectra of the urine samples from normal subjects at time interval B.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
(a) Distribution of the intensity ratio of peaks at 1360 cm−1 over 520 cm−1. Three patients had R values higher than 10, including patient 24 (RAAR episode). Eight patients had R values between 5 and 10, including patients 26, 27 (RAAR episodes), and patient 10 (acute kidney failure). The R values of twelve patients are between 1 and 5, including patient 3 (acute kidney failure). The R values of the other 37 patients were less than 1. (b) Results from clinical diagnosis. Eighteen patients received biopsy due to high levels of sCr. Five patients were diagnosed as acute rejection or kidney failure. The remaining 40 patients were considered normal and did not receive a biopsy.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Chemical structure of (a) protoporphyrin IX and (b) heme B.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
SERS spectrum of protoporphyrin IX (P-IX) in aqueous solution at 10−7M. BG represents the background spectrum of Ag NPs on the silicon substrate.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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