Incidence, Progression, and Associated Risk Factors of Medium Drusen in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Findings From the 15-Year Follow-up of an Australian Cohort

Abstract

Importance: The natural course and prognosis of medium drusen and risk factors associated with the incidence and progression of this lesion type in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are not well understood.

Objective: To assess the 15-year incidence and progression of medium drusen and associated risk factors.

Design, setting, and participants: Population-based cohort in the Blue Mountains region, west of Sydney, Australia. Included in the study were 3654 participants 49 years or older who attended baseline examinations of the Blue Mountains Eye Study (1992-1994), and 75.8%, 76.7%, and 56.1% of survivors who attended the 5-year, 10-year, and 15-year follow-up examinations, respectively.

Main outcomes and measures: Color retinal fundus photographs were obtained at each examination. The incidence and progression of medium drusen (maximum diameter, 63 to <125 µm) were assessed using Kaplan-Meier product-limit survival methods, controlling for competing risk of death. Factors associated with a 15-year incidence of medium drusen were assessed using discrete logistic regression models after adjusting for age, sex, smoking status, serum lipid levels, systemic and dietary factors, and CFH rs1061170 and ARMS2 rs10490924 polymorphisms. Associations between lesion characteristics and the progression to late AMD were assessed using generalized estimating equation models and eye-specific data.

Results: Among 1317 participants at risk, the 15-year cumulative incidence of medium drusen was 13.9% (n = 281). Increasing age (per decade older) (odds ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% CI, 1.2-1.8) and the presence of at least 3 risk alleles of the CFH rs1061170 or ARMS2 rs10490924 genes (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-4.1) were associated with a higher incidence. There was no association between past smoking (OR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.6-1.1) or current smoking (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4-1.1) and the development of medium drusen. The progression rate to late AMD in eyes with both medium drusen and retinal pigmentary abnormalities was 4-fold higher than that in eyes with medium drusen alone. Larger total area and central location of medium drusen were associated with a greater likelihood of the progression to worse stages of AMD.

Conclusions and relevance: Older age and the presence of CFH and ARMS2 risk alleles are 2 main risk factors associated with the development of medium drusen. The copresence of medium drusen plus retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities signals a greater risk of the progression to late AMD than the presence of medium drusen alone.