Cell surface-based sensing with metallic nanoparticles

Abstract

Metallic nanoparticles provide versatile scaffolds for biosensing applications. In this review, we focus on the use of metallic nanoparticles for cell surface sensings. Examples of the use of both specific recognition and array-based "chemical nose" approaches to cell surface sensing will be discussed.

Figure 1

Tumor cell detection using anti-HER2 antibody-conjugated magnetic beads with SERS nanotags. Reprinted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2008 American Chemical Society.

Figure 2

(a) Capture of Caco2 cells by magnetic beads conjugated to anti-EpCAM. Simultaneously, cells were labeled with AuNP-specific antibodies in the presence of interfering cells (THP-1). (b) Chronoamperometry of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalyzed by AuNPs. (c), (d) False colors scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of a Caco2 cell captured by magnetic beads (MBs)/anti-EpCAM. (e), (f) Backscattered images showing AuNPs distributed along the cell plasma membrane of Caco2 cells. Scale bars, 3 μm (c), 400 nm (d), and 200 nm (e, f). Reprinted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society.

Figure 3

Schematic illustration of the lectin-based sensing strategy for (a) carbohydrate-ConA interaction analysis and (b) cell surface carbohydrate expression. Reprinted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2013 Royal Society of Chemistry.

Figure 4

Aptamer-conjugated gold nanoparticles used in colorimetric sensing of cancer cells.

Figure 5

Schematic representation of cancer cell detection based on DNA-templated silver nanoclusters (AgNCs). Reprinted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2013 American Chemical Society.

Figure 6

Linear-sweep voltammetry of specific cancer cell detection with a mixture of Pd-anti-PSMA, Cu-anti-MUC1, and Ag-anti-HER2 nanoparticles: VCaP (blue), MDA-MB-231 (black) and SK-BR-3 (red) cells. Reprinted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2014 WILEY-VCH KGaA, Weinheim.

Figure 7

(a) Schematic demonstration of enzyme amplified sensing of bacteria using gold nanoparticles. (b) The structure of quaternary amine functionalized gold nanoparticles. (c) The colorimetric sensing of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in solution. (d) Schematic illustration of the RGB analysis for monitoring color changes on test strips for different concentrations of E. coli. Reprinted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2011 American Chemical Society.

Figure 8

(a) Cationic gold nanoparticles (NP1-NP3) and the fluorescent polymer, carboxylate poly(para-phenyleneethynylene) (PPE-CO2). (b) Fluorescence quenching of the polymers and the restoration of fluorescence after AuNP-polymer complex disrupted by the incubation with cells (dark green strips, fluorescence off; light green strips, fluorescence on). (c) Detection of three isogenic mammalian cell lines (CDBgeo, TD cell and V14) determined by fluorescence change using nanoparticle-polymer supramolecular complexes. (d) Canonical score plot using linear discrimination analysis (LDA) for the first two factors of simplified fluorescence response patterns obtained with NP-polymer assembly arrays against isogenic cell types. Reprinted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2009 National Academy of Sciences, USA.

Figure 9

(a) Schematic illustration of the interaction between the nanoparticles and cell surface. The sensing system generated differential quenching and provided distinct patterns to discern different types/states of cells. Two arrays (|QD|_M and |QD/AuNP|_M) were used in the system and placed in separated wells, with each array providing two fluorescence responses. |QD|_M, the mixture of GQD and RQD; |QD/AuNP|_M, the mixture of GQD, RQD, and AuNP. (b)-(i) Confocal microscopy images of (b)-(e) |QD|_M and (f)-(i) |QD/AuNP|_M after the incubation with HeLa cells for 15 min: (b), (f) bright field; (c), (g) green channel; (d), (h) red channel; (e), (i) merged images. Reprinted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2013 Elsevier.

Figure 10

Multi-channel sensor fabricated by incubating AuNP to an equimolar mixture of three fluorescent proteins (FPs): tdTomato (red), EBFP2 (blue) and EGFP (green). Different drug-treated cells result in distinct cell surface phenotypes, leading to different FP displacement patterns as schematically shown for the three wells. The bar plot shows differential fluorescence responses for three representative drugs. These fluorescence responses were further analyzed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to generate different clusters corresponding to different categories of drug mechanisms. Each ellipse represents each drug in that mechanism category. Adapted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2014 by Nature Publishing Group.