Competing pressures on populations: long-term dynamics of food availability, food quality, disease, stress and animal abundance

Abstract

Despite strong links between sociality and fitness that ultimately affect the size of animal populations, the particular social and ecological factors that lead to endangerment are not well understood. Here, we synthesize approximately 25 years of data and present new analyses that highlight dynamics in forest composition, food availability, the nutritional quality of food, disease, physiological stress and population size of endangered folivorous red colobus monkeys (Procolobus rufomitratus). There is a decline in the quality of leaves 15 and 30 years following two previous studies in an undisturbed area of forest. The consumption of a low-quality diet in one month was associated with higher glucocorticoid levels in the subsequent month and stress levels in groups living in degraded forest fragments where diet was poor was more than twice those in forest groups. In contrast, forest composition has changed and when red colobus food availability was weighted by the protein-to-fibre ratio, which we have shown positively predicts folivore biomass, there was an increase in the availability of high-quality trees. Despite these changing social and ecological factors, the abundance of red colobus has remained stable, possibly through a combination of increasing group size and behavioural flexibility.

Keywords: endangered populations; endocrinology; glucocorticoids; non-equilibrium dynamics; nutritional ecology.

Figure 1.

Theoretical relationships among examined factors predicted to influence population size of red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus) in Kibale National Park, Uganda. Ovals indicate long-term data, whereas rectangles indicate cross-sectional data. Solid lines indicate relationships that were examined, whereas dotted lines represent theoretical relationships that were not examined. Positives (+) and negatives (–) indicate predicted (not necessarily observed) relationships.