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Meta-Analysis
. 2015 Apr 14;2015(4):CD004716.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004716.pub4.

Supportive therapy for schizophrenia

Lucy A Buckley  1 , Nicola Maayan, Karla Soares-Weiser, Clive E Adams
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Supportive therapy for schizophrenia

Lucy A Buckley et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Supportive therapy is often used in everyday clinical care and in evaluative studies of other treatments.

Objectives: To review the effects of supportive therapy compared with standard care, or other treatments in addition to standard care for people with schizophrenia.

Search methods: For this update, we searched the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group's register of trials (November 2012).

Selection criteria: All randomised trials involving people with schizophrenia and comparing supportive therapy with any other treatment or standard care.

Data collection and analysis: We reliably selected studies, quality rated these and extracted data. For dichotomous data, we estimated the risk ratio (RR) using a fixed-effect model with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Where possible, we undertook intention-to-treat analyses. For continuous data, we estimated the mean difference (MD) fixed-effect with 95% CIs. We estimated heterogeneity (I(2) technique) and publication bias. We used GRADE to rate quality of evidence.

Main results: Four new trials were added after the 2012 search. The review now includes 24 relevant studies, with 2126 participants. Overall, the evidence was very low quality.We found no significant differences in the primary outcomes of relapse, hospitalisation and general functioning between supportive therapy and standard care.There were, however, significant differences favouring other psychological or psychosocial treatments over supportive therapy. These included hospitalisation rates (4 RCTs, n = 306, RR 1.82 CI 1.11 to 2.99, very low quality of evidence), clinical improvement in mental state (3 RCTs, n = 194, RR 1.27 CI 1.04 to 1.54, very low quality of evidence) and satisfaction of treatment for the recipient of care (1 RCT, n = 45, RR 3.19 CI 1.01 to 10.7, very low quality of evidence). For this comparison, we found no evidence of significant differences for rate of relapse, leaving the study early and quality of life.When we compared supportive therapy to cognitive behavioural therapy CBT), we again found no significant differences in primary outcomes. There were very limited data to compare supportive therapy with family therapy and psychoeducation, and no studies provided data regarding clinically important change in general functioning, one of our primary outcomes of interest.

Authors' conclusions: There are insufficient data to identify a difference in outcome between supportive therapy and standard care. There are several outcomes, including hospitalisation and general mental state, indicating advantages for other psychological therapies over supportive therapy but these findings are based on a few small studies where we graded the evidence as very low quality. Future research would benefit from larger trials that use supportive therapy as the main treatment arm rather than the comparator.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Lucy Buckley ‐ none known.

Karla Soares‐Weiser and Nicola Maayan ‐ work for Enhance Review Ltd, a company that carries out systematic reviews mostly for the public sector. We currently do not provide services for the pharmaceutical industry.

Clive Adams ‐ none known.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
3
3
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 1 Global state: Relapse.
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 2 Service outcomes: Hospitalisation.
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 3 Mental state. 1. No clinically important improvement in general mental state.
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 4 Mental state: 2. Average endpoint general mental state score (PANSS, high = poor).
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 6 Mental state: 4. Average endpoint positive symptoms score (PANSS positive subscale, high = poor).
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 10 Mental state: 8. Average endpoint depressive symptoms score (CESD, high = poor).
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 11 Leaving the study early.
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 12 General functioning: 2. Average endpoint general functioning score (GAF‐M, high = good).
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 13 General functioning: 1. Average endpoint general functioning score (GAS, high = good).
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 14 General functioning: 3. Average endpoint social functioning score (SFS, high = good).
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 15 Satisfaction with treatment: Recipient of care not satisfied with treatment.
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 16 Quality of life: 1. Average endpoint self‐esteem score (RSES, high = good).
1.17
1.17. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 17 Quality of life: 2. Average endpoint well‐being score (WBS, high = good).
1.18
1.18. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 18 Quality of life: 3. Average endpoint global health score (GHQ, high = poor).
1.19
1.19. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 19 Death.
1.20
1.20. Analysis
Comparison 1 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus STANDARD CARE, Outcome 20 Medication: No reduction in dose of antipsychotic medication.
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse.
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 2 Global state: 2. No remission.
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 3 Service outcomes: Hospitalisation.
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement in general mental state.
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 5 Mental state: 2. Average endpoint general mental state score (PANSS, high = poor).
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 6 Mental state: 3. Average endpoint general mental state score (BPRS, high = poor).
2.7
2.7. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 7 Mental state: 4. Average endpoint general mental state score (BPRS short form, high = poor).
2.9
2.9. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 9 Mental state: 6. Average endpoint general mental state score (PANSS general subscale, high = poor).
2.10
2.10. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 10 Mental state: 7. No clinically important improvement in negative symptoms.
2.11
2.11. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 11 Mental state: 8. No clinically important improvement in depressive symptoms.
2.12
2.12. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 12 Mental state: 9. Episode of affective symptoms.
2.13
2.13. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 13 Mental state: 10. Average endpoint negative symptoms score (PANSS negative, high=poor).
2.14
2.14. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 14 Mental state: 11. Average endpoint negative symptoms score (SANS, high=poor).
2.16
2.16. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 16 Mental state: 13. Average endpoint positive symptoms score (PANSS positive subscale, high = poor).
2.19
2.19. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 19 Mental state: 16. Average endpoint score (PANSS thought disturbance cluster, high = poor).
2.22
2.22. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 22 Mental state: 19. Average endpoint voices score (PSYRATS voices score, high = poor).
2.26
2.26. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 26 Leaving the study early.
2.27
2.27. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 27 General functioning: 1. Average endpoint general functioning score (GAF & GAS, high = good).
2.28
2.28. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 28 General functioning: 2. Average endpoint social functioning score (SFS, high = good).
2.29
2.29. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 29 General functioning: 3. No paid work.
2.30
2.30. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 30 General functioning: 4. Admission to residential placement.
2.31
2.31. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 31 General functioning: 5. Admission to jail.
2.32
2.32. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 32 Satisfaction with treatment: Recipient of care not satisfied with treatment.
2.33
2.33. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 33 Quality of life: Average endpoint quality of life score (QLS, high = good).
2.34
2.34. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 34 Death.
2.35
2.35. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 35 Behaviour: 1. Social impairment on SBAS.
2.36
2.36. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 36 Behaviour: 2. Poor coping style with relatives.
2.37
2.37. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 37 Engagement with services: Poor attendance at appointments.
2.39
2.39. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 39 Compliance: 1. Poor compliance to therapy.
2.40
2.40. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 40 Compliance: 2. adherence to medication (self‐report).
2.41
2.41. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 41 Compliance: 3. average endpoint adherence score (ROMI, high = good).
2.42
2.42. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 42 Compliance: 4. average endpoint non‐adherence score (ROMI, high = poor).
2.43
2.43. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 43 Medication: Prescribed IM depot medication.
2.44
2.44. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 44 Attitude to medication: 1. Average endpoint attitude to medication score (AMQ, high = good).
2.45
2.45. Analysis
Comparison 2 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT, Outcome 45 Attitude to medication: 2. Average endpoint attitude to medication score (DAI, high = good).
3.1
3.1. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 1 Global state: Relapse.
3.2
3.2. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 2 Service outcomes: Hospitalisation.
3.3
3.3. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 3 Mental state: 1. No clinically important improvement in general mental state.
3.4
3.4. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 4 Mental state: 2. Average endpoint general mental state score (PANSS total, high = poor).
3.5
3.5. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 5 Mental state: 3. Average endpoint general mental state score (BPRS, high = poor).
3.6
3.6. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 6 Mental state: 4. Average endpoint general mental state score (BPRS short form, high = poor).
3.8
3.8. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 8 Mental state: 6. Average endpoint general mental state score (PANSS general subscale, high = poor).
3.9
3.9. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 9 Mental state: 7. No clinically important improvement in negative symptoms.
3.10
3.10. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 10 Mental state: 8. No clinically important improvement in depressive symptoms.
3.11
3.11. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 11 Mental state: 9. Episode of affective symptoms.
3.12
3.12. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 12 Mental state: 10. Average endpoint negative symptoms score (PANSS negative subscale, high = poor).
3.13
3.13. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 13 Mental state: 11. Average endpoint negative symptoms score (SANS, high = poor).
3.15
3.15. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 15 Mental state: 13. Average endpoint positive symptoms score (PANSS positive subscale, high = poor).
3.18
3.18. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 18 Mental state: 16. Average endpoint score (PANSS thought disturbance cluster, high = poor).
3.21
3.21. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 21 Mental state: 19. Average endpoint voices score (PSYRATS voices score, high = poor).
3.25
3.25. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 25 Leaving the study early.
3.26
3.26. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 26 General functioning: 1. Average endpoint general functioning score (GAF & GAS, high = good).
3.27
3.27. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 27 General functioning: 2. Average endpoint social functioning score (SFS, high = good).
3.28
3.28. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 28 Satisfaction with treatment: Recipient of care not satisfied with treatment.
3.29
3.29. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 29 Quality of life: Average endpoint score (RSES, high = good).
3.30
3.30. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 30 Death.
3.33
3.33. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 33 Medication: no reduction in dose of antipsychotic medication.
3.34
3.34. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 34 Attitude to medication: 1. Average endpoint attitude to medication score (AMQ, high = good).
3.35
3.35. Analysis
Comparison 3 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY, Outcome 35 Attitude to medication: 2. Average endpoint attitude to medication score (DAI, high = good).
4.1
4.1. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse.
4.2
4.2. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 2 Global state: 2. No remission.
4.3
4.3. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 3 Service outcomes: Hospitalisation.
4.4
4.4. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 4 Mental state: Episode of affective symptoms.
4.5
4.5. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 5 Leaving the study early (by long term).
4.6
4.6. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 6 General functioning: 1. No paid work.
4.7
4.7. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 7 General functioning: 2. Admission to residential placement.
4.8
4.8. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 8 General fuctioning: 3. Admission to jail.
4.9
4.9. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 9 Behaviour: 1. Social impairment on SBAS.
4.10
4.10. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 10 Behaviour: 2. Poor coping style with relatives.
4.11
4.11. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 11 Engagement with services: Poor attendance at appointments.
4.12
4.12. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 12 Compliance: Poor compliance to therapy.
4.13
4.13. Analysis
Comparison 4 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus FAMILY THERAPY, Outcome 13 Medication: Prescribed IM depot medication.
5.1
5.1. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 1 Service outcomes: Hospitalisation.
5.2
5.2. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 2 Mental state. 1. No clinically important improvement in general mental state.
5.3
5.3. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 3 Mental state: 2. Average endpoint general score (PANSS general subscale, high = poor).
5.4
5.4. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 4 Mental state: 3. Average endpoint negative symptoms score (PANSS negative subscale, high = poor).
5.5
5.5. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 5 Mental state: 4. Average endpoint positive symptoms score (PANSS positive subscale, high = poor).
5.6
5.6. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 6 Mental state: 5. Average endpoint depression score (CDRS, high = poor).
5.7
5.7. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 7 Leaving the study early.
5.8
5.8. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 8 Quality of life: Average endpoint quality of life score (QLS, high = good).
5.9
5.9. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 9 Death.
5.10
5.10. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 10 Behaviour: Average endpoint score (composed of ROMI and ITAQ items, high = good).
5.11
5.11. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 11 Insight: Average endpoint treatment attitude score (ITAQ, high = good).
5.12
5.12. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 12 Compliance: 1. Poor compliance to therapy.
5.13
5.13. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 13 Compliance: 2. Adherence to medication (self‐report).
5.14
5.14. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 14 Compliance: 3. Average endpoint adherence score (ROMI, high = good).
5.15
5.15. Analysis
Comparison 5 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHOEDUCATION, Outcome 15 Compliance: 4. Average endpoint nonadherence score (ROMI, high = poor).
6.1
6.1. Analysis
Comparison 6 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus REHABILITATION PROGRAMME, Outcome 1 Service outcomes: Hospitalisation.
6.2
6.2. Analysis
Comparison 6 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus REHABILITATION PROGRAMME, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early.
6.3
6.3. Analysis
Comparison 6 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus REHABILITATION PROGRAMME, Outcome 3 General functioning: No gainful employment.
7.1
7.1. Analysis
Comparison 7 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus SKILLS TRAINING, Outcome 1 Service outcomes: Hospitalisation.
7.2
7.2. Analysis
Comparison 7 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus SKILLS TRAINING, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early.
7.3
7.3. Analysis
Comparison 7 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus SKILLS TRAINING, Outcome 3 Death.
8.1
8.1. Analysis
Comparison 8 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early.
9.1
9.1. Analysis
Comparison 9 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COMBINATION OF OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS, Outcome 1 Global state: Relapse.
9.2
9.2. Analysis
Comparison 9 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COMBINATION OF OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS, Outcome 2 Mental state: Episode of affective symptoms.
9.3
9.3. Analysis
Comparison 9 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY versus COMBINATION OF OTHER PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVENTIONS, Outcome 3 Leaving the study early: Treatment‐related reasons.
10.1
10.1. Analysis
Comparison 10 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY PLUS CLIENT‐FOCUSED CASE MANAGEMENT versus CLIENT‐FOCUSED CASE MANAGEMENT, Outcome 1 Global state: Relapse.
10.2
10.2. Analysis
Comparison 10 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY PLUS CLIENT‐FOCUSED CASE MANAGEMENT versus CLIENT‐FOCUSED CASE MANAGEMENT, Outcome 2 Leaving the study early.
10.3
10.3. Analysis
Comparison 10 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY PLUS CLIENT‐FOCUSED CASE MANAGEMENT versus CLIENT‐FOCUSED CASE MANAGEMENT, Outcome 3 Death.
11.1
11.1. Analysis
Comparison 11 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY PLUS CLIENT‐FOCUSED CASE MANAGEMENT versus STANDARD CASE MANGEMENT, Outcome 1 Leaving the study early.
11.2
11.2. Analysis
Comparison 11 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY PLUS CLIENT‐FOCUSED CASE MANAGEMENT versus STANDARD CASE MANGEMENT, Outcome 2 Death.
12.1
12.1. Analysis
Comparison 12 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY PLUS SKILLS TRAINING versus SKILLS TRAINING, Outcome 1 Global state: 1. Relapse.
12.2
12.2. Analysis
Comparison 12 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY PLUS SKILLS TRAINING versus SKILLS TRAINING, Outcome 2 Global state: 2. No remission.
12.3
12.3. Analysis
Comparison 12 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY PLUS SKILLS TRAINING versus SKILLS TRAINING, Outcome 3 Service outcomes: Not discharged from hospital.
12.4
12.4. Analysis
Comparison 12 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY PLUS SKILLS TRAINING versus SKILLS TRAINING, Outcome 4 Mental state: 1. Average endpoint score for 'inability to feel' (CPRS, high = poor).
12.6
12.6. Analysis
Comparison 12 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY PLUS SKILLS TRAINING versus SKILLS TRAINING, Outcome 6 Leaving the study early.
12.7
12.7. Analysis
Comparison 12 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY PLUS SKILLS TRAINING versus SKILLS TRAINING, Outcome 7 General functioning: 1. Average endpoint score for 'free time activities' (KAS, high = good).
12.9
12.9. Analysis
Comparison 12 SUPPORTIVE THERAPY PLUS SKILLS TRAINING versus SKILLS TRAINING, Outcome 9 Death.
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Update of

References

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    1. Doane JA, Falloon IR, Goldstein MJ, Mintz J. Parental affective style and the treatment of schizophrenia. Predicting course of illness and social functioning. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985;42(1):34‐42. - PubMed
    1. Falloon IR, Boyd JL, McGill CW, Razani J, Moss HB, Gilderman AM. Family management in the prevention of exacerbations of schizophrenia: a controlled study. New England Journal of Medicine 1982;306(24):1437‐40. - PubMed
    1. Falloon IR, Boyd JL, McGill CW, Williamson M, Razani J, Moss HB, et al. Family management in the prevention of morbidity of schizophrenia. Clinical outcome of a two‐year longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry 1985;42(9):887‐96. - PubMed
    1. Falloon IR, McGill CW, Boyd JL, Pederson J. Family management in the prevention of morbidity of schizophrenia: social outcome of a two‐year longitudinal study. Psychological Medicine 1987;17(1):59‐66. - PubMed
    1. Falloon IR, Pederson J. Family management in the prevention of morbidity of schizophrenia: the adjustment of the family unit. British Journal of Psychiatry 1985;147:156‐63. - PubMed
Haddock 1999 {published data only}
    1. Haddock G, Tarrier N, Morrison AP, Hopkins R, Drake R, Lewis S. A pilot study evaluating the effectiveness of individual inpatient cognitive‐behavioural therapy in early psychosis. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 1999;34:254‐8. - PubMed
Hogarty 1997‐study 1 {published data only}
    1. Hogarty GE, Greenwald D, Ulrich RF, Kornblith SJ, DiBarry AL, Cooley S, et al. Three‐year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family, II: Effects on adjustment of patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997;154(11):1514‐24. - PubMed
    1. Hogarty GE, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald D, DiBarry AL, Cooley S, Ulrich RF, et al. Three‐year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family, I: Description of study and effects on relapse rates. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997;154(11):1504‐13. - PubMed
Hogarty 1997‐study 2 {published data only}
    1. Hogarty GE, Greenwald D, Ulrich RF, Kornblith SJ, DiBarry AL, Cooley S, et al. Three‐year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family, II: Effects on adjustment of patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997;154(11):1514‐24. - PubMed
    1. Hogarty GE, Kornblith SJ, Greenwald D, DiBarry AL, Cooley S, Ulrich RF, et al. Three‐year trials of personal therapy among schizophrenic patients living with or independent of family, I: Description of study and effects on relapse rates. American Journal of Psychiatry 1997;154(11):1504‐13. - PubMed
Kemp 1996 {published data only}
    1. Healey A, Knapp M, Astin J, Beecham J, Kemp R, Kirov G, et al. Cost‐effectiveness evaluation of compliance therapy for people with psychosis.. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998;172(5):420‐4. - PubMed
    1. Kemp R, Hayward P, Applewhaite G, Everitt B, David A. Compliance therapy in psychotic patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 1996;312:345‐9. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 8611831] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kemp R, Kirov B, Hayward P, David A. Randonised controlled trial of compliance therapy. 18‐month follow‐up. British Journal of Psychiatry 1998;172:413‐9. - PubMed
Klein 1998 {published data only}
    1. Klein A R, Cnaan R A, Whitecraft J. Significance of peer social support with dually diagnosed clients: findings from a pilot study. Research on Social Work Practice 1998;8:529‐51.
Levine 1998 {published data only}
    1. Levine J, Barak Y, Granek I. Cognitive group therapy for paranoid schizophrenics: applying cognitive dissonance. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 1998;12(1):3‐12.
Lewis 2002b {published data only}
    1. Kingdon D. SOCRATES ‐ a multicentre, randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioural therapy in early schizophrenia. National Research Register 2000. [National Research Register N0172004444]
    1. Lewis S, Tarrier N, Haddock G, Bentall R, Kinderman P, Kingdon D, et al. Randomised controlled trial of cognitive‐behavioural therapy in early schizophrenia: acute‐phase outcomes. British Journal of Psychiatry ‐ Supplementum 2002;suppl. 43:S91‐7. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 12271807] - PubMed
    1. Lewis SW, Tarrier N, Haddock G, Bentall R, Kinderman P, Kingdon D. Cognitive therapy improves outcomes in first episode psychosis. XIIth World Congress of Psychiatry. Yokohama, Japan, 2002.
    1. Lewis SW, Tarrier N, Haddock G, Bentall R, Kinderman P, Kingdon D, et al. A randomised controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy in early schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2001, issue 1,2:263‐4. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 11215542; PsycINFO 2001‐16630‐011]
    1. Lewis SW, Tarrier N, Haddock G, Bentall R, Kinderman P, Kingdon D, et al. Cognitive therapy improves 18‐month outcomes but not time to relapse in first episode schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2002;53:14.
Malm 1982 {published data only}
    1. Malm U. The influence of group therapy on schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplementum 1982;Suppl 297:1‐65. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 6126069] - PubMed
O'Donnell 1999 {published data only}
    1. O'Donnell M, Parker G, Proberts M, Matthews R, Fisher D, Johnson B, et al. A study of client focused case management and consumer advocacy: The community and consumer service project. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1999;33(5):684‐93. [EMBASE 1999362945] - PubMed
Penn 2009 {published data only}
    1. Penn D L, Meyer PS, Evans E, Wirth RJ, Cai K, Burchinal M. A randomized controlled trial of group cognitive‐behavioral therapy vs. enhanced supportive therapy for auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research 2009;109:52‐9. - PubMed
Pinto 1999 {published data only}
    1. Pinto A, La‐Pia S, Mennella R, Giorgio D, DeSimone L. Cognitive behavioral therapy and clozapine for clients with treatment refractory schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 1999;50(7):901‐4. - PubMed
Sensky 2000b {published data only}
    1. Sensky T, Turkington D, Kingdon D, Scott JL, Scott J, Siddle R, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for persistent symptoms in schizophrenia resistant to medication. Archives of General Psychiatry 2000;57(2):165‐72. - PubMed
Spaulding 1999 {published data only}
    1. Spaulding WD, Reed D, Sullivan M, Richardson C, Weiler M. Effects of cognitive treatment in psychiatric rehabilitation. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1999;25(4):657‐76. - PubMed
Stanton 1984 {published data only}
    1. Frank AF, Gunderson JG. The role of the therapeutic alliance in the treatment of schizophrenia. Relationship to course and outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry 1990;47(3):228‐36. - PubMed
    1. Gunderson JG, Frank AF. Effects of psychotherapy in schizophrenia. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 1985;58(4):373‐81. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gunderson JG, Frank AF, Katz HM, Vannicelli ML, Frosch JP, Knapp PH. Effects of psychotherapy in schizophrenia: II. Comparative outcome of two forms of treatment. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1984;10(4):564‐98. - PubMed
    1. Stanton AH, Gunderson JG, Knapp PH, Frank AF, Vannicelli ML, Schnitzer R, et al. Effects of psychotherapy in schizophrenia: I. Design and implementation of a controlled study. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1984;10(4):520‐63. - PubMed
Tarrier 1998 {published data only}
    1. Tarrier N. The use of cognitive behaviour therapy in the treatment of schizophrenia. 8th Congress of the Association of European Psychiatrists; 1996 Jul 7‐12; London, UK. 1996. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 7961550] - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Kinney C, McCarthy E, Humphreys L, Wittkowski A, Morris J. Two‐year follow‐up of cognitive‐behavioral therapy and supportive counseling in the treatment of persistent symptoms in chronic schizophrenia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2000;68(5):917‐22. [EMBASE 2000386575] - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Kinney C, McCarthy E, Wittkowski A, Yusupoff L, Gledhill A. Are some types of psychotic symptoms more responsive to cognitive‐behaviour therapy?. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2001;29:45‐55.
    1. Tarrier N, Wittkowski A, Kinney C, McCarthy E, Morris J, Humphreys L. Durability of the effects of cognitive‐behavioural therapy in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia: 12‐Month follow‐up. British Journal of Psychiatry 1999;174:500‐4. [EMBASE 1999210779] - PubMed
    1. Tarrier N, Yusupoff L, Kinney C, McCarthy E, Gledhill A, Haddock G, et al. Randomised controlled trial of intensive cognitive behaviour therapy for patients with chronic schizophrenia. BMJ 1998;317:303‐7. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 9685273] - PMC - PubMed
Turkington 2000 {published data only}
    1. Turkington D, Kingdon D. Cognitive‐behavioural techniques for general psychiatrists in the management of patients with psychoses. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000;177:101‐6. - PubMed
Uzenoff 2007 {published data only}
    1. Uzenoff SR. A Preliminary Trial of Adherence‐Coping‐Education (ACE) Therapy for First‐episode Schizophrenia. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina, 2007.
    1. Uzenoff SR, Perkins DO, Hamer RM, Wiesen CA, Penn DL. A preliminary trial of Adherence‐Coping‐Education (ACE) therapy for early psychosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 2008;196:572‐5. - PubMed
Wirshing 1991 {published data only}
    1. Marder SR, Wirshing DA, Wirshing WC. Psychosocial and pharmacological strategies for improving treatment adherence in schizophrenia. 155th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2002 May 18‐23; Philadelphia, PA, USA. 2002. [No. 3B]
    1. Marder SR, Wirshing DA, Wirshing WC. Psychosocial and pharmacological strategies for improving treatment adherence in schizophrenia. Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association; 2001 May 5‐10; LA, USA. Marathon Multimedia, 2001. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 11290639] - PubMed
    1. Marder SR, Wirshing WC, Mintz J, McKenzie J, Johnston K, Eckman TA, et al. Two‐year outcome of social skills training and group psychotherapy for outpatients with schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1996;153(12):1585‐92. - PubMed
    1. Wirshing WC, Eckman T, Liberman RP, Marder SR. Management of risk of relapse through skills training of chronic schizophrenics. In: Tamminga Ca SSC editor(s). Schizophrenia Research: Advances in Neuropsychiatry and Psychopharmacology. Raven Press, 1991:255‐67.
    1. Wirshing WC, Marder SR, Eckman T, Liberman RP, Mintz J. Acquisition and retention of skills training methods in chronic schizophrenic outpatients. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1992;28(3):241‐5. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 1480726] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Aberg‐Wistedt 1995 {published data only}
    1. Aberg‐Wistedt A, Cressell T, Lidberg Y, Liljenberg B, Osby U. Two‐year outcome of team‐based intensive case management for patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services 1995;12:1263‐6. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 8590112] - PubMed
Abramowitz 1989 {published data only}
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Addington 2011 {published data only}
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Anderson 1982 {published data only}
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Andres 1998 {published data only}
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Armstrong 1991 {published data only}
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Baker 1994 {published data only}
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Beal 1977 {published data only}
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Beard 1975 {published data only}
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Beard 1978 {published data only}
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Becker 1998 {published data only}
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Beebe 2001 {published data only}
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Bell 1993a {published data only}
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Bell 1993b {published data only}
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Bell 1998 {published data only}
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Bell 2001 {published data only}
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Bell 2003 {published data only}
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Bellack 1986 {published data only}
    1. Bellack AS. Social skills training in the treatment of chronic schizophrenics [Das Training sozialer Fertigkeiten zur Behandlung chronisch Schizophrener]. In: Boeker W BHD editor(s). Bewaltigung der Schizophrenie. Verlag Hans Huber, 1986:121‐128. [PSYNDEX 0020596]
Bond 1995 {published data only}
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Brown 1983 {published data only}
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Buchkremer 1997 {published data only}
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Bush 1990 {published data only}
    1. Bush CT, Langford MW, Rosen P, Gott W. Operation outreach: intensive case management for severely psychiatrically disabled adults. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1990;41(6):647‐9. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 2361668] - PubMed
Canning 1997 {published data only}
    1. Canning. The effect of family support on the working alliance in psychotherapy with psychiatrically disturbed parents. PhD dissertation submitted to Yale University, USA 1997:106. [Dissertation Abstracts (order number) AAC 9805882]
Carra 2010 {published data only}
    1. Carra G. Multiple group family treatment for schizophrenia in Italy. Schizophrenia Research 2010;117:121.
Castelein 2008 {published data only}
    1. Castelein S, Bruggeman R, Busschbach JT, Gaag M, Stant AD, Knegtering H, et al. The effectiveness of minimally guided peer support groups for people suffering from psychosis: a randomized controlled trial. Schizophrenia Research 2008;98:52‐3.
Castelein 2008a {published data only}
    1. Castelein S, Bruggeman R, Busschbach J T, Gaag M, Stant A D, Knegtering H, et al. The effectiveness of peer support groups in psychosis: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 2008;118:64‐72. - PubMed
Castilla‐Puentes 2002 {published data only}
    1. Castilla‐Puentes RC, Valero J, Vargas J, Gongora O, Pava C, Perel J. Music therapy and medication compliance in psychotic patients. 155th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association. Philadelphia, PA, USA, 2002.
Chien 2008 {published data only}
    1. Chien WT, Thompson DR, Norman I. Evaluation of a peer‐led mutual support group for Chinese families of people with schizophrenia. American Journal of Community Psychology 2008;42:122‐34. - PubMed
Chinman 2010 {published data only}
    1. Chinman M, Shoai R, Cohen A. Using organizational change strategies to guide peer support technician implementation in the veterans administration. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal 2010;33:269‐77. - PMC - PubMed
Clark 1998 {published data only}
    1. Clark RE, Xie H, Becker DR, Drake RE. Benefits and costs of supported employment from three perspectives. Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research 1998;25(1):22‐34. - PubMed
Cook 2011 {published data only}
    1. Cook JA, Steigman P, Pickett S, Diehl S, Fox A, Shipley P, et al. Randomized controlled trial of peer‐led recovery education using building recovery of individual dreams and goals through education and support (bridges). Schizophrenia Research 2012;136(1‐3):36‐42. - PubMed
Cook 2012 {published data only}
    1. Cook J A, Steigman P, Pickett S, Diehl S, Fox A, Shipley P, et al. Randomized controlled trial of peer‐led recovery education using building recovery of individual dreams and goals through education and support (bridges). Schizophrenia Research 2012;136:36‐42. - PubMed
Curtis 1992 {published data only}
    1. Curtis JL, Millman EJ, Struening E, D'Ercole A. Effect of case management on rehospitalization and utilization of ambulatory care services. Hospital and Community Psychiatry 1992;43(9):895‐9. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 3289523] - PubMed
Curtis 1996 {published data only}
    1. Curtis JL, Millman EJ, Struening E, D'Ercole A. Deaths among former psychiatric inpatients in an outreach case management program. Psychiatric Services 1996;47(4):398‐402. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 8689371] - PubMed
Czobor 1995 {published data only}
    1. Czobor P, Volavka J, Meibach RC. Effect of risperidone on hostility in schizophrenia. Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology 1995;15(4):243‐9. - PubMed
D'Ercole 1997 {published data only}
    1. D'Ercole A, Struening E, Curtis JL, Millman EJ, Morris A. Effects of diagnosis, demographic characteristics, and case management on rehospitalization. Psychiatric Services 1997;45(5):682‐8. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 9144824] - PubMed
Daumit 2010 {published data only}
    1. Daumit G, Appel L, Leatherman E, Latkin C, Dalcin A, Goggins B, et al. Randomized trial of peer‐supported physical activity for persons with severe mental illness in community psychiatry. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2010;25(3 (Suppl.)):378‐9.
Dixon 2002 {published data only}
    1. Dixon L, Hoch JS, Clark R, Bebout R, Drake R, McHugo G, et al. Cost‐effectiveness of two vocational rehabilitation programs for persons with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Services 2002;53(9):1118‐24. - PubMed
Donlon 1973 {published data only}
    1. Donlon PT, Rada RT, Knight SW. A therapeutic aftercare setting for "refractory" chronic schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1973;130(6):682‐4. [PsycINFO 51‐07592] - PubMed
Drake 1993 {published data only}
    1. Drake RE, Bebout RR, Roach JP. A research evaluation of social network case management for homeless persons with dual disorders. In: Harris H, Bergman HC editor(s). Case Management for Mentally Ill Patients: Theory and Practice. Chronic mental illness. Pennsylvania: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993:83‐98. [PSYCINFO 1993‐98432‐005]
Drake 1996 {published data only}
    1. Drake RE, McHugo GJ, Becker DR, Anthony WA, Clark RE. The New Hampshire study of supported employment for people with severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1996;64(2):391‐9. - PubMed
Drake 1999 {published data only}
    1. Drake RE, McHugo GJ, Bebout RR, Becker DR, Harris M, Bond GR, et al. A randomized clinical trial of supported employment for inner city patients with severe mental disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry 1999;56(7):627‐33. - PubMed
Drury 1996a {published data only}
    1. Drury V, Birchwood M, Cochrane R, MacMillan F. Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis ‐ A controlled trial. I. Impact on psychotic symptoms. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996;169:593‐601. - PubMed
Drury 1996b {published data only}
    1. Drury V, Birchwood M, Cochrane R, MacMillan F. Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis ‐ A controlled trial. II. Impact on recovery time. British Journal of Psychiatry 1996;169:602‐7. - PubMed
Drury 2000 {published data only}
    1. Drury V, Birchwood M, Cochrane R. Cognitive therapy and recovery from acute psychosis: a controlled trial. 3. Five‐year follow‐up. British Journal of Psychiatry 2000;177:8‐14. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 10945081] - PubMed
Eack 2007 {published data only}
    1. Eack SM, Hogarty GE, Greenwald DP, Hogarty SS, Keshavan MS. Cognitive enhancement therapy improves emotional intelligence in early course schizophrenia: preliminary effects. Schizophrenia Research 2007;89:308‐11. - PMC - PubMed
Eack 2010 {published data only}
    1. Eack S M, Greenwald D P, Hogarty S S, Keshavan M S. One‐year durability of the effects of cognitive enhancement therapy on functional outcome in early schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2010;120:210‐6. - PMC - PubMed
Eack 2011 {published data only}
    1. Eack S M, Pogue‐Geile M F, Greenwald D P, Hogarty S S, Keshavan M S. Mechanisms of functional improvement in a 2‐year trial of cognitive enhancement therapy for early schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine 2011;41:1253‐61. - PMC - PubMed
Eack 2012 {published data only}
    1. Eack S M, Wojtalik J A, Prasad K M, Francis A N, Bhojraj T S, Cho R Y, et al. A broad cortical reserve accelerates response to cognitive enhancement therapy in early course schizophrenia. Clinical and Translational Science 2012;5:152‐3. - PMC - PubMed
Essock 1995 {published data only}
    1. Essock SM, Kontos N. Implementing assertive community treatment teams. Psychiatric Services 1995;46(7):679‐83. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 7552558] - PubMed
Field 1997 {published data only}
    1. Field CD, Galletly C, Anderson D, Walker P. Computer aided cognitive rehabilitation: possible application to the attentional deficit of schizophrenia, a report of negative results. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1997;85:995‐1002. - PubMed
Ford 1995 {published data only}
    1. Ford R, Beadsmoore A, Ryan P, Repper J, Craig T, Muijen M. Providing the safety net: case management for people with a serious mental illness. Journal of Mental Health 1995;1:91‐7. [CINAHL 1996004717]
Forsyth 1961 {published data only}
    1. Forsyth RP. MMPI and demographic correlates of post‐hospital adjustment in neuropsychiatric patients. Dissertation Abstracts 1961;21:2783‐4. - PubMed
Franklin 1987 {published data only}
    1. Franklin JL, Solovitz B, Mason M, Clemons JR, Miller GE. An evaluation of case management. American Journal of Public Health 1987;77(6):674‐8. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 3578614] - PMC - PubMed
Freeman 1998 {published data only}
    1. Freeman D, Garety P, Fowler D, Kuipers E, Dunn G, Bebbington P, et al. The London East Anglia randomized controlled trial of cognitive behaviour therapy for psychosis. IV: Self esteem and persecutory delusions. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 1998;37(4):415‐30. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 9856295] - PubMed
Gaither 2003 {published data only}
    1. Gaither ML, Nazzaro D, Barnett B, Huegel SG, Haas GL. A randomized clinical trial of a brief cognitive‐behavioral treatment for the chronic phase of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research 2003:322‐3. [EMBASE 2003252036]
Garety 1994 {published data only}
    1. Garety PA, Kuipers L, Fowler D, Chamberlain F, Dunn G. Cognitive behavioural therapy for drug‐resistant psychosis. British Journal of Medical Psychology 1994;67(Pt 3):259‐71. [MEDLINE: ; PMID 7803318] - PubMed
Glick 1974 {published data only}
    1. Glick ID, Hargreaves WA, Goldfield MD. Short vs long hospitalization: a prospective controlled study: I. The preliminary results of a one‐year follow‐up of schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 1974;30(3):363‐9. - PubMed
Glick 1975 {published data only}
    1. Glick ID, Hargreaves WA, Raskin M, Kutner SJ. Short versus long hospitalization: a prospective controlled study. II. Results for schizophrenic inpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1975;132(4):385‐90. - PubMed
Glick 1976a {published data only}
    1. Glick ID, Hargreaves WA, Drues J, Showstack JA. Short versus long hospitalization: a prospective controlled study. IV. One‐year follow‐up results for schizophrenia patients. American Journal of Psychiatry 1976;133(5):509‐14. - PubMed
Glick 1976b {published data only}
    1. Glick ID, Hargreaves WA, Drues JMA, Showstack JA. Short versus long hospitalization: a controlled study. III. Inpatient results for non‐schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 1976;33:78‐83. - PubMed
Glick 1976c {published data only}
    1. Glick ID, Hargreaves WA, Drues JMA, Showstack JA. Short versus long hospitalization: a prospective controlled study. V. One‐year follow up for non‐schizophrenics. American Journal of Psychiatry 1976;133:515‐7. - PubMed
Glick 1977 {published data only}
    1. Glick ID, Hargreaves WA, Drues JA, Showstack JA, Katzow JJ. Short versus long hospitalization: a prospective controlled study. VII. Two‐year follow‐up results for non‐schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry 1977;34:314‐7. - PubMed
Glick 1979 {published data only}
    1. Glick I, Hargreaves W, Drues J, Showstack J. Psychiatric hospital treatment for the 1980's: a controlled study of short versus long hospitalization. Heath and Company. Lexington Books D.C, 1979.
Glynn 2001 {published data only}
    1. Glynn SM, Marder SR, Liberman RP, Blair K, Wirshing WC, Wirshing DA, et al. Supplementing clinic based skills training for schizophrenia with manualized community support: nine month follow‐up effects on social adjustment. Schizophrenia Research 2001;49(12):261. - PubMed
Grassi 2001 {published data only}
    1. Grassi A, Bruni R, Pileggi F, Chiappelli M, Boldrini M, Franceschi E, et al. Analysis and comparative evaluations of the costs of supports and treatments of schizophrenia, affective psychosis, paranoia and neurosis. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 2001;10(2):115‐24. - PubMed
Grawe 1998 {published data only}
    1. Grawe RW, Widen JH. Result of two years optimal out‐patient treatment of first episode schizophrenia: a controlled study. 25th Nordic Psychiatric Congress. Nord J Psychiatry. 1998; Vol. Suppl 41.
Haddock 2000a {published data only}
    1. Haddock G. Dual diagnosis project evaluation of family support cognitive behaviour therapy for recent onset schizophrenia sufferers with substance misuse, problems. National Research Register 2000.
Haddock 2000b {published data only}
    1. Haddock G. Evaluation of a family support and cognitive‐behavioural treatment service for recent onset schizophrenia sufferers with substance misuse problems. National Research Register 2000.
Hafner 1983 {published data only}
    1. Hafner RJ, Badenoch A, Fisher J, Swift H. Spouse aided versus individual therapy in persisting psychiatric disorders: a systematic comparison. Family Process 1983;22(3):385‐99. - PubMed
Haldun 2002 {published data only}
    1. Haldun S, Mehmet S, Perihan G, Ilkten C, Besti U. Optimal treatment of schizophrenia. XIIth World Congress of Psychiatry; 2002 Aug 24‐29; Yokohama, Japan. 2002. [MEDLINE: ; 1773245]
Hannes 1974 {published data only}
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Hargreaves 1977 {published data only}
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Harrison‐Read 2002 {published data only}
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NCT 2009 {published data only}
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References to studies awaiting assessment

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References to ongoing studies

ACTRN12610000241033 2010 {published data only}
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ACTRN12612000974808 2012 {published data only}
    1. ACTRN12612000974808. Peer delivered support intervention for people who hear voices: Pilot randomised controlled trial. http://www.anzctr.org.au/ACTRN12612000974808.aspx (accessed 20 February 2014).
Bennett 2003 {published data only}
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Durham 2000a {published data only}
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ISRCTN02457313 2006 {published data only}
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ISRCTN50487713 2011 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN50487713. An evaluation of different levels of support in using a recovery guide for people with psychosis and the impact of choice on outcomes. http://www.controlled‐trials.com/ISRCTN50487713 (accessed 20 February 2014).
NCT 2007 {published data only}
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NCT 2007a {published data only}
    1. NCT00458094. Peer support for increasing physical activity in people with serious mental illnesses. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/ NCT00458094 (accessed 20 February 2014).
NCT 2007b {published data only}
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NCT 2008 {published data only}
    1. NCT00495911. A randomized controlled trial of individual therapy for first episode psychosis. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/ NCT00495911 (accessed 20 February 2014).
NCT 2012 {published data only}
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Robinson 2010 {published data only}
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Rohricht 2000 {published data only}
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Sensky 2000a {published data only}
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Tarrier 2000c {published data only}
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References to other published versions of this review

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